English Language Teaching in Gulf Essay Example for Free

English Language Teaching in Gulf Essay Zafar Syed’s assertions about the TESOL challenges in Gulf are subjective reflection over the issue and he is unable to provide any verified or verifiable data and findings. He places all responsibility on the structural constraints i. e. contextual framework, human resource development, system and standards, and research and knowledge and paid less heed to other relevant and important dimension f the TESOL i. e. the constraints on the art of the students. He relies too much on the secondary sources but those secondary sources are also related to education and teaching general and has taken into consideration English language teaching particularly. To some extent citation of these secondary resources is relevant e. g. citation of Mograby to provides facts and figures about the unprecedented quantitative growth in education in UAE . (338) He then generalizes that this unprecedented growth has adverse effect on the teaching of Language. He describes that this unchecked growth impacted the planning and implementation of English teaching patterns and policies. (338) In the following paragraph, he is unable to support he preposition by any solid line of arguments, research study or verifiable facts and figures. He is unable to demonstrate that how this rapid growth in education industry has affected the teaching of language. It is more important to provide a socio-cultural context as well that deter or propel the teaching and learning of a language. He describes that â€Å"local students see no concrete link between English ability and communicative requirements†. Mr. Syed is correct in saying this as communicative important of any language in general and English language in particular is related to exposure of the students to other medium of communications. If the socio-cultural context is conservative and does not allow a student to participate in activities involving other communities and people, he will be unable to use his acquired language capacity and thus will consider it meaning less and futile. This will restrict English language teaching to academic activity only. But Mr. Syed does not provide why such perception is created and this issue can be tackled. The next constraint that Mr. Syed takes into account is human resource development. This part of the study is most powerful and relevant as Mr. syed evaluates the role of English language faculty development and describes an array of issues related to it. He rightly point out the important of the local Arab English language teachers. The pool of English language teachers in the whole region are comprised of various expatriates groups that do not possess enough knowledge â€Å"about the local socio-cultural communities and languages† (339). Syed accurately concludes hat this lack of knowledge about local socio-cultural context breed problems like teacher-students gap and this gap endangers effect English Language teaching. Foreign teachers are not well-capacitated to anticipate and delve deep into the socio-problems of the learners and hence can suggest remedies to these. Grammar Translation Method also requires an understanding of the local language and context in order to effectively implement this methodology. (Chastain, 1971. p. 131) Mr. Syed concludes that this ad-hocism in the hiring of contractual foreign faculty hinders the way to implement a more effective and locally suitable system as these temporary teachers are less motivated to make an in-depth evaluation of the system. Here r. Syed has recognized the sole cause of the problem that triggers a cause and effect phenomenon leading to the deterioration of the English Language teaching system in Gulf. Only a motivated and well-informed teachers can recognize the contextual important and shortcomings of language teaching and hence can formulate policies to reduce or eradicate these contextual barriers. Mr Syed has further taken in to consideration the systems and standards but he is unable to realize that only senior and seasoned English language teachers and professors can help designing and executing a viable system and standard for English language teaching. It is not something independent in itself. He emphasizes on the importance of research but it must be noted that research only come through established systems and qualified academia. So first there is dire need to develop faculty and establish a contextually modified system of instructions. This will ultimately lead the faculty to conduct research on appropriate issues pertaining to every facets of English language teaching. Despite various defects in his theoretical framework, he provides some excellent insights into Gulf English language teaching. In addition to his content, he had certain serious flaws in the style of his expression. He only comments on a specific issue briefly and then goes on to comment on another challenges faced by the English Language Teaching without elaborating the first one. The very first sentence of the study indicates that it has nothing to do with primary research as conducting interview of the ESL teachers to locate the challenges faced by them. Further, Syed has limited his study to UAE with a little reference to Saudi Arabia here and there. So this not only limits the scope of the study but indicates that relying on a particular country in the region, generalizations have been made about the whole region. Chastain, Kenneth. The Development of Modern Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Philadelphia: Center for Curriculum Development, 1971.

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding HOW DID THE KENYAN STRATEGY ON INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING COME TO BE?A CRITICAL ANALYSIS. *Commonly used Acronyms EBF-Exclusive Breastfeeding IYCF/N-Infant and Young Child Feeding/Nutrition BFHI/CI-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative/Community Initiative. MOPHS-Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation The first 1000 days of life are crucial stages for a childs growth and development. Damages accrued from nutritional deficiencies during this time are likely to lead to poor cognitive development which results into compromised educational achievement and hence low economic productivity.(Murage et.al,2013;Bhutta et.al,2013).Poor nutrition results from inappropriate feeding practices with poor timing, poor quality and inadequate quantity of food.(M.O.P.H.S,2010). Optimal breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices are essential in meeting the nutritional needs of children in the first years of life.The Lancet (2003),indicates that exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) for the first 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding from 6-11 months in addition to complementary feeding and a continued breastfeeding up-to 2 years of age help reduce child mortality rates by 19%.This would not only be in line with The Kenyan National Health Sector Strategic Plan II but also significantly contribute towards attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4(Huffman et.al,2001), and The Kenyan Vision 2030.(M.O.H,2000). Several worldwide efforts intended to address child malnutrition emerged in the 1990s,championing to promote Infant and Young Child Feeding by providing appropriate breastfeeding environment.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).These included; The Innocenti Declaration(1990),World Summit For Children(1990),Earth Summit, International Conferences on Nutrition and on Population Development(1992),World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action(WABA) and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey(KDHS) results showed only 2.6% of exclusive breastfeeding( EBF) rates in the country.Additionally, the rates of malnutrition were 30% for stunting,20% underweight and 6% severe malnutrition. Between 2008-2009,Kenya was listed among the top 20 countries with the highest under-nutrition rates.26.9% stunting and 20.3% underweight rates for ages 6-59 months(KDHS 2008/09;KNBS,2008).The HIV pandemic and the attendant risk of Mother To Child Transmission continued to pose a threat to exclusive breastfeeding even to the non-affected families.A study revealed the increased fear by both mothers and peer counsellors on the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding(Koricho et.al,2010).The peer counsellors were more comfortable if HIV positive mothers would abstain from EBF and rather opt for replacement feeding which mostly did not meet the WHO guideline of AFASS(Acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, safe).This led to an increase in infant m ortality rates and malnutrition(Creek et.al,2006). Over 30 countries have developed National IYCF(Infant Young Child Feeding) Strategies based on WHO/UNICEF guidelines..(Sagoe et.al,2012;WHO,2006).Kenya was also a signatory to all global conventions meant to improve IYCF practices.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10). This essay aims to critically analyse the Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices (IYCF), developed between 2007-2010. The strategy was intended to provide a strong mechanism, through which the government and various sectors could in a comprehensive and coordinated manner influence accelerated action to improve IYCF practices in Kenya.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/1O).I will draw upon the Walt and Gilson approach of the health policy triangle(1994,cited by Buse et.al,2012) to critically analyse and discuss how the Strategy came into place, what were the key driving factors and the stakeholders involved in the policy making process. I will combine the health policy triangle for analysis and John Kingdons Policy Windows and 3streams approach to agenda setting. The Health Policy Triangle comes in as a more suitable approach, as it acknowledges the importance of looking at content and process of policy making; besides exploring the role of power by the state, national and internati onal organisations and its influence on policy making.(Buse et.al,2012).Kenya is a low income country hence hence a policy making process would involve an interaction among various different stakeholders. Buse et.al(2012) defines policy as the decisions made by those with responsibility for a given area; and a health policy as that which covers courses of action or inaction that affects the set of institutions, organisations, services and funding arrangements of both private and public healthcare systems.The health policy triangle is divided into four constituent parts, both interrelated and interconnected and which are suitable for describing and understanding the Kenyan IYCF Strategy. These include the context, content, process and actors. Context entails the political, social, economic, cultural, both national and international which may have an effect on health policy(Buse et.al,2012).Further classified into situational, structural, cultural and international/exogenous factors by Leichter (1979),cited by Buse et.al,(2012).Some of the situational factors that stimulated the development of The Kenyan Strategy on IYCF include the issue of HIV and its great influence on exclusive breastfeeding and the increased rates of malnutrition combined with decline in the key indicators of IYCF(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).A rapid assessment study (Chopra et.al,2009)indicated widespread mis- information on the Mother To Child Transmission(MTCT) of HIV as a major factor influencing breastfeeding patterns in Kenya.IYCF practices that differ from the commonly seen ones in the community would result in unwanted disclosure of HIV status.(Onono et.al,2014).This had a great influence on the duration of breastfeeding and the method of infant feeding used by the mother. Increased malnutrition rates caused by declined exclusive breastfeeding rates from 3.5%(KDHS 1998)to 2.6%(KDHS 2003) was the other factor(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).Structural factors included inadequate capacity building on healthcare workers on IYCF ,HIV and breastfeeding leading to decline in promotion of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative(BFHI) and breastfeeding promotion through healthcare facilities(Kimani et.al,2015;MOPHS,2007/10).Buse et.al,2012 describes capacity as the ability of the government to make and implement policies.Kenya recorded a decline in BFHI from 600 in 1996 to less than 6 in 2003(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10;Chopra et.al,2009). On the other hand, contextual cultural factors would entail issues such as, the fact that 60-80% of Kenyan women were involved in labour and agricultural practices with minimal male involvement in childcare, leading to poor child caring practices(MOPHS,2007/10).Other beliefs and practices in Kenyan families e.g the belief that breast milk alone is not sufficient for a child also played a great role in influencing the strategy(MOPHS,2007/10;Matsuyama et.al,2013;Murage et.al,2013).To most African countries, exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) is alien(Magoni et.al 2005,cited by Onono et.al,2014).Mixed feeding(breastfeeding along with other liquids or fluids) is the most common method of infant feeding globally and is often continued up to 2 years of age.The strategy was developed to mirror the WHO/UNICEF global strategy for IYCF that was developed to improve global IYCF practices.(Murage,2015).Kenyas aim was to actualize this through the BFHI, along with other interventions such as adopting a nd implementing the WHO Code Of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes(MOPHS,2007/10)meant to regulate the marketing of breast milk substitutes.A reflection of the influence of international factors to the development of this strategy. Content of a policy refers to substance of a particular policy which details its constituent parts.The aim of the strategy was to contribute to improved health, nutritional status development and survival of infants and young children in Kenya.(MOPHS,2007/2010).Some of the component parts and targets of the strategy between 2008-2010 included: strengthening national structures on IYCF to facilitate planning, coordination and advocacy for implementation of the strategy; updating the existent IYCF policy guidelines and the National policies in the context of HIV, to be in line with WHO consensus and statement on HIV and IYCF(WHO,2006) ,and disseminating it by 2008;Enactment of Kenyan National Law for regulation of foods eaten by children aged below 3years and putting up a monitoring system by 2009;revitalization of the Kenyan BFHI to ensure 75% of mothers who deliver in healthcare facilities are initiated on exclusive breastfeeding and providing support and necessary information to hel p them continue up to 6 months of age; ensuring support for breastfeeding mothers by employees through the Employment Act and attendance of IYCF Inter-grated Course by 60% health workers, and 80% PMTCT service providers.The nine main strategic components deemed crucial for the attainment of the strategy goals included; policies and legislation on IYCF, practices in IYCF and IYCF in difficult circumstances, HIV and infant feeding, capacity building on IYCF, communication and advocacy, research on IYCF, partnerships and coordination and finally monitoring and evaluation in IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10). The process of policy making refers to the way in which policies are initiated,developed,formulated,negotiated,communicated,implemented and evaluated.(Buse et.al,2012).The Kenyan strategy on IYCF can be broken down into the four different theoretical stages of policy process named by Sabatier Smith,(1993) cited by Buse et.al,(2012).These are, problem identification, policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation.Kenya had recorded a decline on key indicators on IYCF during the two decades prior to the formation of this strategy.Exclusive breastfeeding rates were at 3% with virtually no BFHI facilities(MOH,2007-2010).Additionally, only about 52% of mothers would initiate breastfeeding within one hour.Complementary feeds were introduced way too early for the babies.These issues were closely linked to poor IYCF programming at that time(Lancet 2003;MOPHS,2007/2010). On formulation, The Strategy was developed as a measure that sought to build on past initiatives and improvements to promote IYCF in Kenya(Murage et.al.2013).It was derived from The Global Strategy on IYCF, the Kenyan Policy Guidelines on IYCF, The National Assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices and National Food and Nutrition Policy (was still being reviewed in parliament).(MOPHS,2007/10).The rationale for the strategy accrued from among other issues, the increased evidence on interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices being able to prevent about a fifth of under-five mortality rates in developing countries(Lancet,2003;MOPHS,2007/10). Nutrition is universally recognized as a childs right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health(UNICEF,2012).Based on the global strategy, an assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices was conducted in 2004.(Sagoe et.al,2012).Weaknesses were identified, hence leading to a suggestion of the need for a national programme focusing on IYCF, with high levels of advocacy if mothers and children were to practice exclusive breast and complementary feeding.This strategy evolved as a response to that assessment. The strategy would be mainly implemented through BFHI which promotes breastfeeding around the maternity ward during the time of delivery (Murage et.al,2013).It would call for increased political will, public investment and heightened awareness of the critical importance of IYCF amongst health workers, other professionals and community based care providers.(MOH,2007/10).Additionally, involvement of the government, families, communities and community based organisations(CBOs)in collaboration with international organisations and other concerned parties would ensure that necessary action is taken(MOH,2007). The monitoring and evaluation(ME) process would be achieved through: reviewing, developing and harmonizing monitoring and evaluation tools for IYCF; developing and installing software for IYCF at district level; all level monitoring of the National Communication Strategy on IYCF; developing and maintaining a data bank for the persons trained on IYCF/BFHI/code; developing ME tools for IYCF in difficult situations including HIV and Infant Feeding; regular review of IYCF strategy implementation, among many other evaluation strategies such as ME of the implementation of the communication strategy at all levels.(MOPHS,2007). Actors in a policy refers to individuals, organizations the state and their actions that affect policy(Buse.et.al,2012).They may try to influence policy at local, regional, national and international levels.Buse et.al(2012) further classifies the actors into: interest/pressure groups which refers to a type of civil society group that attempts to influence the policy to achieve specific goals; or civil society groups which refers to group or organization which is outside the government and beyond the family group.The actors who played different roles towards the formation of this strategy and were to be actively involved in the implementation included: the government; the non-governmental organisations and community based support groups; international organisations; industries and enterprises; professional associations, ministries, mass media and other groups and communities which includes parents and caregivers directly responsible for feeding children.(MOPHS,2007/10).These can be cl assified as either interest/pressure groups or the civil society groups. The power of international bodies and their influence on the development of this strategy is clearly depicted.Power as defined by Buse et.al,(2012) is the ability to influence and to control resources or the ability to achieve a desired outcome.Being a member of the WHO, Kenya had to comply to the guide it provided on IYCF by creating a National strategy, just like all the other member countries(Jones et.al,2013;Sagoe et.al,2012)),especially within the Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.The strategy also adopts the BFHI which was originally launched by WHO/UNICEF(1991) following the Innocenti Declaration, meant to promote exclusive breastfeeding (WHO/UNICEF,2009).A demonstration of the power emanating from WHO as a decision making process.(Dahl,1961 cited by Buse et.al,2012). Development of the strategy would involve using WHO/LINKAGES assessment tool to assess the policies and practices in the country, after which they would be rated after review by national stakeholders and the results used to create a interventions meant to address the gaps(Sagoe et.al,2012). A mixed scanning method of decision making was applied in the formation of the strategy.Mixed scanning would involve a sweep of the problem as a whole followed by a detailed analysis of the component parts(Etzoni,1967 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The Ministry Of Health ,at the national level was involved in assessments intended to quantify the levels of different IYCF practices.Whereas the Ministry Of Public Health And Sanitation(MOPHS)went further ahead to come up with different approaches towards addressing the issue e.g revitalizing BFHI, training all health officials on PMTCT(Prevention of Mother to child transfer);and renewing commitments to create an environment that enabled Kenyan women to practice optimal IYCF.Additionally,it would collaborate with other ministries and international stakeholders and NGOs towards fulfilment of the objectives of the strategy.Therefore working as a policy community. A Policy community is a recognizable subdivision of public policy making in which there is sustained interaction between participants through a web of formal and informal relationships(Buse.et.al,2012).It was demonstrated through participation and consultation among different key IYCF stakeholders; including the government, international bodies, non-governmental organisations and communities, steered by a technical working group under the auspices of National Infant Feeding Steering Committee(MOPHS,2007/10). A legislative framework that would help support and promote breastfeeding had to be set up in the formation of the strategy.The legislature refers to a body that enacts the laws that govern a country and oversees the executive.(Buse et.al,2012).Its roles would include, legislation to give effect to the aims and principles of the International Code Of Breast Milk Substitutes.Additionally,it would legislate towards protecting and supporting breastfeeding among working mothers.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Getting onto the agenda setting aspect of the IYCF strategy; Kingdons(1984) theoretical model of agenda setting(cited by Buse et.al,2012), would be much suitable in explaining how the Kenyan Strategy on IYCF became a major focus of government. Agenda setting is the process by which issues come into the policy agenda from the much larger number of issues potentially worthy of attention by policy makers.(Buse et.al,2012).Policy making is therefore viewed in agenda setting as responding to daily problems that need solutions.(Thomas and Grindle,1991 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The approach focuses on the role of policy entrepreneurs within and outside the government who utilize policy windows(agenda setting opportunities)to move issues onto the governments formal agenda.It is explained using 3 streams ;problem, policy and politics streams and the policy windows.Policy entrepreneurs promote their ideas into many different fora and invest time to ensure they are put onto the agenda.(Kingdon, 1995). Problem stream is defined as public matters that requires attention(Gulbrandson and Fossum,2009). With an emphasis that it only becomes a problem if identified by the decision makers besides other lists of problems presented.Chopra et.al 2009 acknowledges the existence of a huge gap in the level of political support that nutrition and infant feeding was able to achieve compared to other components of the Prevention of Mother To Child Transfer(PMTCT) programme.An explanation to the delay in implementation of the then, already existing IYCF policy and the pending approval of other existent nutritional programmes that would promote IYCF.The Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS) was majorly involved in advocacy besides other nongovernmental organizations.The overwhelming evidence on malnutrition recorded by KDHS and Kenya Bureau of Statistics e.g 29.% stunting and 20.3% underweight children, data on huge reduction in EBF and decrease in BFHI by 70% (KDHS 2003;Lancet,2003) were the key indicators that evidenced the magnitude of the issue and the need for prompt government action. Implementing this strategy was Kenyas way of renewing its commitment to WHO, by adopting its 2006 consensus statements on HIV and infant feeding.It was also a major stakeholder and a potential source of funding.The policy stream consists of ongoing problem analysis, and their proposed solutions together with debates surrounding the problems.(Buse et.al,2012).The solutions should be easily available and promptly reachable by decisionmakers.(Guldbrandson and Fossum,2009). The strategy was drawn from national assessments of IYCF policies ,programmes and practices in the country(2004)and from consultative meetings with stakeholders.In addition to being harmonized with the National Food and Nutrition policy that was pending in the government at that time; it was intended as a guide of action based on accumulated evidence on importance of infant and child nutrition during their early months and years of life and for growth and development.(MOPHS,2007;Murage et.al,2013). The Kenyan Public Health Sanitation ministry then also had the expertise, technical and programme knowledge to rapidly improve Infant and Young Child Feeding indicators and to save lives.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Politics stream is defined as being composed of such events as national mood swings, government changes and campaigns by interest groups.(Buse et.al 2012;Guldbrandson and Fusson,2009).The year of 2007 was an elections and campaign year in Kenya.The then existing government had a strong intention to go for a second term.Cairney and Jones,(2015) describe this as an existence of both motive an opportunity in politics stream.Implementing the IYCF strategy during this period would be one of the moves to entice the public by showing attention to their problems.The strategy would provide a strong framework through which the government and other important stakeholders could contribute towards improvement of Kenyan childrens nutritional status through IYCF practices.(MOPHS,2007/10). The existence of an attention lurching problem(problem stream),with readily proposed solutions(policy stream) and a conducive and positive political environment that accepted and supported the strategy(politics stream) led to development of a policy window.An opportunity to develop the strategy in parliament and eventually its implementation. The Kenyan Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS-Kenya)would support this strategy by renewing its commitment to create an enabling environment for optimal IYCF(MOPHS,2007/10).It would also improve child survival by strengthening focus on IYCF through various ways like: advocating for enforcement and implementation of Maternity protection Provision in the Employment Act 2007 in all sectors; working with the attorney general and the Minister Of Justice and Constitutional Affairs to ensure enactment of a law that protects optimal IYCF; develop clear, consistent policies and guidelines; build the entire capacity of the public and private healthcare system to implement them, among many other key supportive tasks.(MOPHS,2007). Development of the IYCF strategy was a huge and commendable step in Kenya.Different factors are clearly outlined as having contributed towards its formation.Improvement infant and young child feeding practices, and maternal health being the core driving factors, besides adherence to WHO Global Strategy on IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10).By 2012,Kenya was in its final stages of enacting the strategy.(Sagoe et.al,2012). The successive process of the strategy formation can be attributed to, the involvement of WHO/UNICEF, the intense collaboration between the Ministry of Health(MOH) and the MOPHS-Kenya together with other major national and international NGOs such as APHIA II Partners, World Vision Kenya among many others.(MOPHS,2007/10) Several significant achievements accrued from the implementation of this strategy include the 61% increase in EBF rates(KDHS,2014).Making Kenya among the handful of countries that have managed to achieve the WHA target of 50% EBF rates by 2025.Enactment of the Code of Marketing for breastmilk substitutes(Sagoe et.al,2012)and the development of various models like the BFHI and the Breast Feeding Community initiative(APHRC,2014) have greatly contributed towards achieving high EBF rates. A critical analysis of the strategy implementation process and the challenges pertaining to its implementation, an aspect my essay did not focus on; would be a clear and concise way of depicting the achievements of the strategy and the barriers faced on rolling out and implementation of its plans. TOTAL WORD COUNT-3,265.

Americas Transcendental Voice :: Essays Papers

Americas Transcendental Voice Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of the true fathers of transcendentalism in America. He was said to be the founding member of the smallest church. The congregation included only himself, and his church waited on the world to see his views as the truth. Emerson's beliefs were greatly influenced by friends he met in Europe and the romantic movement of the time. Transcendentalists of the time did not believe in miracles, they thought everything had a common sense answer. They believed that the mind was not just a blank slate to be filled only with what we can perceive through our senses, but something which was capable of intuition and imagination. Emerson believed that God along with great peace and serenity could be found in nature. This essay will trace how Emerson’s transcendental beliefs are reflected in Nature. This essay will also follow Emersion’s appreciation of nature, his transcendental quest to find truths that were beyond the reach of man’s limited senses. In his first chapter entitled Nature Emerson writes â€Å"To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society.†(615) This reflects his feelings towards society and how it must be left behind to truly find God. Later in this chapter he marvels over how God Had made the atmosphere in such a way that we can see the rest of the universe, God’s almighty handiwork. Emerson ponders just what the future generations of people will still appreciate the city of stars God has provided. In Nature Emerson also expresses his love and admiration for the poet when he writes how a woodcutter sees a tree as a stick of timber where the poet sees it for what it is, a tree. Also in this first chapter Emerson expresses his transcendental belief that children are closer to God when he writes, â€Å"The sun illuminates only the eye of a man, but shines into the eye and the heart of a child.†(616). From this first chapter we can tell that Emerson ha d an almost insatiable love of nature, he believed that god was all around us, in our fields, our forests, and our rivers. The second chapter of Nature is entitled Commodity. In Commodity Emerson is ranking all the advantages which our senses owe to nature.

Gas Chromatography :: essays research papers

Gas Chromatography Purpose:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the gas chromatography lab is to find out how different substances interact with the surface of a solid. Chromatography is a separation technique that depends on the relative distribution of the components of a mixture between a mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. Chromatography measures the tendency of a substance to interact with the surface of a solid or to remain in a mobile phase. When doing a chromatography lab the mobile phase has to be a substance that is either in a liquid or a gas state. In this lab the mobile phase was a gas, which is why this is called a gas chromatography lab. The different gases tested in this lab were CHCl3 and CH2Cl2. It is determined to what extent a gas interacts with the solid by injecting a known amount of the mobile gas into the carrier gas and then measuring the concentration that comes out at the end of the column. From this there was a detector that transferred the information to a computer we re it was graphed. The tendency of the gas to interact with the solid is determined by the number of theoretical plates. A substance that interacts more strongly with the surface of the solid will take more time to be carried across the stationary phase. Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pieces of a Gas Chromatograph are the gas supply, injector, column and the detector. The gas supply, or carrier gas, is the gas from the valves at the lab tables. First a coil had to be made out of copper, which would serve as the burner for the detection system. A pipet was used as the column to put the solid stationary substance into. The solid phase in this experiment was Tide. The pipet was filled with Tide detergent and cotton was inserted in both end of the pipet. The column was then secured horizontally to a ring stand using clamps. The tip of the column should be in a vertical position. The copper coil is then placed in the vertical part of the column with the coil about 1/8† above the end of the column. It is important that the copper coil be placed at the right height because if it is too low the flame will not get enough air and if the copper is to high the flame will burn below the coil.

Definition Description of Central Processing Unit :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a chip, containing a microprocessor, at the heart of most every modern computing electronic. A microprocessor is a small integrated circuit or chip, comprised of silicon and transistors, which interprets electrical impulses, performs operations on the electrical impulses, and sends the impulses to another device. The transistors are simple switches that turn on and off, allowing the electrical impulses through when on or ‘open’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microprocessors are very small. They can range in size from a few millimeters, to an inch on one side. The larger can contain tens of millions of transistors that have been carved into its surface by very precise machines. The wires connecting transistor to transistor in modern personal computer microprocessor are only 0.18 microns thick, while the human hair is 100 microns thick.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Central Processing Unit in most computers is about two inches by two inches and about two millimeters thick. They house the microprocessor in their core where it is connected to a number of conducting pins used for inputs and outputs. The CPU is larger than the microprocessor for many reasons, a few being that as the operations are conducted in the microprocessor they create heat and heat is more easily dissipated over a larger area, and that in early computer they same microprocessor was moved from one computer to another and so it was easier to move a larger more rigid object than the smaller, more fragile microprocessors. This also makes it easier for manufactures of parts that will utilize a microprocessor in that they can make a socket for the CPU’s pins to fit into instead of having to install each microprocessor manually.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much like the human brain, the CPU takes information from various inputs, such as a keyboard or mouse, like our brain takes from our eyes, hands, tongue, and nose, and interprets them into different meanings and determines an appropriate response. At the core of a CPU are logic gates that do basic mathematical functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and interpreting of signals for the rest of the computer to understand. All communication done inside the CPU are interpreted in computer language know as binary. The only letters or numbers in binary are 1 and 0, represented as electrical signals, on and off. The CPU takes these electrical impulses, reads where they are supposed to go, and sends them to their destination, just like our

Distinctively Visual speech Essay

Good morning/afternoon class and maim, I am here today to demonstrate my understanding of the concept of distinctively visual, through an analysis of the relationship between Henry Lawson’s short story ‘The Drover’s Wife’ , with a strong, courageous and determined woman that deals with the severe, unmerciful Australian outback. The painting ‘Battling Bushfires by the Alan J. Benge in 2007 illustrates a woman, face to face fighting against a bushfire encroaching on her land. Another Henry Lawson short story â€Å"The Loaded Dog† is about a dog that innocently takes a stick of dynamite, sparking it as he runs past the camp fire, then tries to play with it and in fear, everyone that runs away, and thirdly, James Reeves â€Å"The Sea†, a poem that creates an extended metaphor of a dog, which illustrates the change of behaviour of both a dog and the sea. My chosen related text â€Å"battling bushfires† is a distinctively visual image that explores the harsh and rugged environment of the Australian outback and the people in it. In this painting, the artist powerfully depicts the determination and strength of the salient figure the woman, as she battles the fire that is encroaching on her land destroying everything in its path and potentially, her house seen in the background of the painting. Bege carefully uses his brush techniques and colours, such as the black, dark reds and orange illustrating the striking image of heat and the threat of danger, as well as the diagonal lines of vector, of the fire and her arms, to reinforce the woman standing, fighting face to face with the advancing fire. Distinctively visual is represented by the dominance of the woman in the foreground as she stands there strong and determined, leading a small team of men battling the fire with only a few wet sacks. She is the only female figure in this p ainting which emphasizes to the audience her courage as she battles to save the family home. As the team, composing of mostly men, work together to battle the bushfire, using the true Australian pioneer spirit, it is the female figure in a dress that dominates the painting. She is the major visual centre piece of the picture. The only woman fighting the fire beside strong hardy men highlights the bravery and courage of the hardworking qualities of the woman battling to save her home. â€Å"The Drover’s Wife† clearly mirrors the painting with her similar qualities of protectiveness and experiences with  battling bushfires not letting fear get in the way as he puts on her husband’s trousers to battle the fire. Lawson creates a distinctively visual picture of the â€Å"Drover’s Wife† for the reader through his use of descriptive language as it creates an engaging image in the readers imagination of the â€Å"gaunt sun browned woman† as she battles her way through life of the Australian outback. â€Å"The Sea† by James reeves is a poem that successfully makes an extended metaphor that depicts a distinctive image of a dog by relating it to â€Å"the sea†. Reeves also links the different behaviours of the sea, and how it relates to the behaviours and moods of a dog. â€Å"The sea† is brought to life as Reeves uses a number of literary tools, for example, the use of onomatopoeia or sound words such as â€Å"Roars†, â€Å"sniffs† and â€Å"snuffs† describes the poem vividly capturing reader’s imagination. He grasps the relation between the giant grey dog and ocean. The playful more happy nature of a dog is visualised in the first stanza as Reeves imagery describes the ocean and relates it’s be behaviours to a dog, with the way they roll around on the beach. This is similar to the way the rough waves tumble and crash on the ocean shore. Over the three stanzas we are able to see the recognisable shift of mood from anger to playfulness to complete relaxation.P Henry Lawson’s â€Å"the loaded dog†, mirrors the atmosphere of the environment created by reeves, as the lively behavioural characters of the dog in â€Å"the sea†, are parallel with the also lively, playful, mischievous dog in â€Å"the loaded dog†. There is a contrasting objective with the two composing animals, clearly separating the two characterisations of the yellow vicious canine, in henry Lawson’s short story, and the joyful big black dog. The way both the authors have creatively used language, encourages the mind’s eye to vividly capture the images that he writers are trying to express. The readers visualises the scenes in â€Å"the loaded dog† because the narration is skilfully manipulated to build and hold tension throughout the story. In conclusion, I was able use all the four texts to show my knowledge and understanding of the topic distinctively visual and how they relate to composing texts. When relating materials we can display how each of the themes from each text plays its role with the overall result for the reader. The woman in battling bushfires, was the distinctive image as she stood out leading the team of men to fight the fire that was potentially destroying her house. My last related material â€Å"the sea† linked the sea to a distinctive image of a dog  through the use of the descriptive language that captures the reader from start to finish, showing the recognisable shifts of mood. Thank you. The sea is a hungry dog, Giant and grey. He rolls on the beach all day. With his clashing teeth and shaggy jaws Hour upon hour he gnaws The rumbling, tumbling stones, And ‘Bones, bones, bones, bones! ‘ The giant sea-dog moans, Licking his greasy paws. And when the night wind roars And the moon rocks in the stormy cloud, He bounds to his feet and snuffs and sniffs, Shaking his wet sides over the cliffs, And howls and hollos long and loud. But on quiet days in May or June, When even the grasses on the dune Play no more their reedy tune, With his head between his paws He lies on the sandy shores, So quiet, so quiet, he scarcely snores.

Disciplinarily Process Essay

Introduction: The purpose of this report is to provide the background and reasons why the decisions by Fair Work Australia were made in Sam’s favour. It identifies areas the company needs to address and implement in order to prevent this type of situation from occurring again. Work History as Sam’s Team Manager As Sam’s Team Manager I was aware that my predecessors response when dealing with her lacked in encouragement and was poorly handled. Sam is a diligent worker however, due to the company changing programming language to one Sam was unfamiliar with she has been unable to meet specific deadlines. Time was spent with Sam trying to understand her issues and Resources relocated in order to allow Sam extra time until she was confident and competent using the new programming language. The offer of additional training was made , but no specific timelines for a performance review to discuss progress on meeting the required standard of performance were given. During the final meeting with Sam about her inability to meet her latest deadline, Sam physically struck myself and left the office. A Medical certificate was sent to the office the following day, advising Sam was unfit for work due to stress. The receipt of this medical certificate was confirmed over the phone by Sam, to the HR department and conformation made that it had been documented and filed accordingly. It was then the next day that the incident was reported by myself to my supervisor. A meeting was held with myself, my supervisor and the HR Department, the result was that Sam would be terminated on the basis of serious misconduct.. A letter was sent by registered mail to Sam’s personal address. It was two days later that the unfair dismissal claim was filed by Sam with Fair work Australia. Fair Work Australia Hearing: The outcome of the Fair Work Australia hearing between the company and Sam went in Sam’s favor, this was due to insufficient evidence and documentation provided by the company regarding Sam’s dismissal, on the basis of serious misconduct. See attached Risk Analysis (Appendix 1) for Mitigation/Contingencies on Area’s of risk for this case. The hearing was awarded in Sam’s favour because of the following grounds: * There was no formal disciplinary process. * There was no impartial investigation carried out on the act of misconduct. * There was insufficient documentation of claims of employee meetings and reviews. * The medical certificate given to the company by Sam in its original form was not produced by the company for the hearing. * Sam was able to produce a certified copy of the medical certificate as well as email correspondence between herself and the Human Resources department confirming the companies receipt of the medical certificate. * No records or documents of any meetings or coaching sessions were kept by our company. * No evidence of signed, agreed upon and documented performance management reviews or plans were presented by the company * No formal disciplinary process followed, allowing for an investigation in the lead up to Sam’s dismissal. * There was no evidence proving the misconduct claim had taken place or witnesses to call upon to verify the incident. * During meetings where Sam was warned of poor performance, there were no members of senior management present or human resource department specialists. * There were no documented written warnings in Sam’s file, any agreements made between myself and Sam were verbal. Thus no evidence to support the claim of misconduct by Sam. Proposed Company Strategy for defense against unfair dismissal claims: For the company in future to successfully defend itself against unfair dismissal claims should there be a case of serious misconduct of an employee it needs to ensure it brings its performance management procedure and staff professional development in line with Australian legislation, Fair Work Australia Act 2009 – Small business fair dismissal (See appendix 2 for website links) By ensuring the company has a clear concise format for performance management and professional development that is documented and filed and reviewed accordingly should employee misconduct occur there is clear evidence of the employees history with the company, management and Human Resources department and the events leading up to the case of misconduct. The company needs to conduct Monthly performance reviews on all staff ensuring that agenda’s are used and meetings following the reviews are documented and filed according and if poor performance is a topic on the agenda senior management and a human resources specialist is attendance. Decisions made in performance management reviews are to be documented and conducted using the recommended template (see appendix 3) Should the employee still not meet expectations as agreed upon in Performance reviews the following steps need to be followed and all actions taken need to comply with legislation (Fair work Australia Act 2009 – Small business fair dismissal) as set by Fair Work Australia. Proposed Company Strategy for Employee misconduct: The company needs to review its policy on what is deemed as employee misconduct and the consequences of employee misconduct, the review of this policy needs to be done by senior management and the Human Resources Department making sure the policy and consequences are clear, concise and in line with legislation as set by Fair Work Australia. The below procedure should be followed: Conclusion: By completing a review of company policies and procedures regarding Performance Reviews and Employee misconduct (and the consequences), implementing correct documentation (templates) and storage the company and staff will have a clear understanding of individual staff performance, and legal documentation. Recommendation: By implementing a structured Review process for all staff, and reviewing the companies policy on misconduct. Staff performance is recorded, plans/goals set and agreed upon by staff and management and reviewed by the Human Resources Department. In the case of Sam’s dismissal the recommendation would have been to follow the following steps: At the time of the assault it should have been reported to senior management straight away and Human Resources Department notified immediately. An incident/accident report made and an investigation initiated. The authorities should have been notified and a disciplinary hearing conducted with the conclusion/decision of Sam’s termination being verbally notified with a formal letter of termination given to Sam. This should have been done the same day and a soon as possible following the incident.