Elektrolux :: essays research papers fc

The acquisition of different companies always indicates a change for both the acquiring and the acquired organisation and the throng within. To successfully combine and integrate Elektrolux and Zanussi it is necessary to consider both organisations formal and informal structures which argon heavily influenced by their culture. Culture develops on the one hand nationwide but also specifically in an organisation. Building up trust is important to develop a working informal network, which supports the formal structure. Thus positive influence is taken on the selected behaviour of people within what Breton and Wintrobe call &8220bureaucracies. This behaviour is characteristically competitive, especially in such times of major change.This change should be managed step-by-step and is depict by Quinn as logical incrementalism. It builds &8220the seeds of understanding, identity, and commitment into the very processes (Quinn, p145) and is the underlying strategy which makes integration s uccessful. After Elektrolux announced the acquisition of Zanussi, both organisations and people within were confronted with many a(prenominal) changes which created tensions or misfits that called for new visions.(Normann in Quinn, p99)As a first step, mission values and guiding principles of Zanussi were made public to the employees in the Mission Statement.(Exhibit 3 in Case Study, p914) From the bottom-up they should understand step-by-step in a learning process (Normann in Quinn, p99) what behaviour was generally expected and correct. Bennis and others (in Quinn, p101) also agree that &8220programs to get significant change must be phased and largely undertaken bottom up, but the legitimacy of alternatives must be affirmed by the support of key people at the top. Besides the new Mission Statement, education and training programmes were undertaken to diffuse the new philosophy and policy.Thus the rules for building up an effective network atomic number 18 made visible. This ne twork supports the formal structure. Breton and Wintrobe also assume that &8220relationships between superiors and subordinates in bureaus are generally governed by exchange and trade and not by the heavy(p) of orders and directives. Exchange can only take place, if property rights are existing and are supported by &8220trust (Breton and Wintrobe, p4)Trust is essential for the functioning of networks and has to be create up incrementally.One effective way of building up trust is by making &8220symbolic moves (q,111). In addition to this, the &8220most important changes are often those which signal a change in attitude at the top of an organisation. (Riccardo and Cafiero in Quinn, p112).

Charles Augustin de Coulomb :: biographies bio

Charles Augustin Coulomb was born on June 14th, 1736 in Angoulme, France. Henry Coulomb, Charles father, had a military career, but left that for the government. His mother, Catherine Bajet, was related to a really wealthy family, the de Snacs. Many say that Henry Coulomb got caught up in some financial mishaps which led to him losing most all of his money. During Coulombs younger historic period his family moved from Angoulme on to Paris. Here, Charles attended many lectures at the College Mazarin and also the College de France. His mom wanted him to be a medical doctor, but on the contrary, Charles wanted to go on and study mathematics. Since Charles disobeyed his mother, he was disowned and was forced to stay with his father over in Montpellier. During his stay he conjugated the second royal scientific corporation in France known as the scientific circle. Here he read many papers on mathematics and astronomy. It was a shame that he had no money to purchase a home of his own an d continue his scientific studies, but eventually he came to be a military engineer. He joined the military school at Mzires in 1760. Here he formed many friendships which would later be important for his scientific work. Charles Bossut, his teacher at Mzires and Jean Charles Borda where among them.After spending nearly nine years in Martinique as an engineer of the military Charles returned to France mostly referable to ill health. In 1781 he entered the French Academy of Sciences where he was a part of the administration of waters and fountains, the reform of hospitals and the system of weights and measures. He was able to make out his paper in 1787 where he proved his famous Coulombs Law. Soon came the outbreak of the French Revolution and Charles decided to retire to a small cottage in Blois. Here he was able to devote his time to

Human Breast Milk Essay -- Health, Human Milk

Introduction Human breast take verboten is uniquely suited to our biologic needs and remains the best source of maintenance for the human infant (Kunz et al , 1999). It provides the necessary support for the developing immune system (Goldman et al., 1994 Garofalo and Goldman, 1999). The powerful anti-infective qualities of breast milk are measured by decrease infant mortality in developing countries where exclusive breastfeeding is the norm (Scariati et al, 1997 Ball and Wright, 1999).The human breast milk is composed of about 6% carbohydrates, about 4% fats, about 1% proteins and about 89% water. The composition of human milk is very different than counterfeit milk or formula. Most artificial breast milk products use bovine milk as a substrate. The latter has more proteins and less lactose when compared to human milk (Kunz, et al ,1999). milk sugar levels correlate well with brain size across species. Given their large brain size, it is not surprising that humans have a higher ducking of lactose in their milk than any other species (Newton, 2004).From the Islamic religion point of view, although it is recommended to prolong adequate lactation for up to dickens years, Prophet Mohamed pointed that the milk of the expectant women is harmful for the infants and strongly advised that pregnant mothers should never breastfeed their infants.The aim of this study was to compare milk composition in lactating pregnant and lactating non-pregnant mothers in order to know to what extent could pregnancy affect milk composition, and how this could be reflected on both child development and health. Subjects and MethodsI- SubjectsThis study was carried out on 64 urban healthy lactating females attending the Outpatient... ...urs in the cerebrum and 60% of this tissue is lipid (Newton, 2004).Stopping breastfeeding , should pregnancy occurs, to avoid its adverse put in on the nurse infants may expose them to many hazards as gastroenteritis and malnutritional diseases. And so , it is our responsibility to strongly advice against pregnancy during lactation so that the newly innate(p) receives the best nutritional support to ensure its full physical and neurological development. This is what exactly recommended by the Islamic religion to prolong adequate lactation, up to two years, to face infants requirements and at the same time to avoid pregnancy on top of lactation with its bad effects on both the nursed infant and the fetus. It is hoped that further works will be done to study the effect of pregnancy on other milk constituents that could also possibly affect the nursed infant.

Personal Narrative I am a daydreamer Essay -- Narrative Essay

I am Just Another DaydreamerI am a dreamer, and am always in deep thought. Everything that goes on in my life and all that goes on around me is played and replayed repeatedly in my head. I think ab unwrap why things happen, and imagine what might happen in the future. I think about how things could have been and about how things can be. When I was asked where I see myself in three years, immediately an entire scenario played in my head. I imagined myself going to school, living on my own, preparing to own my own boutique, and just being that typical college student. The entire setting changes constantly but my goals tend to lenify the same.The incessant buzzing makes me roll over and slap the alarm clock 1200, time to go to class. I drag myself out from under my lifelike orange 300 count sheets. I slip on my slippers and drag myself into the bathroom, only to see a big curly knot at the take in of my head, with scattered tendrils sticking out, like they have a mind of their ow n. I jump into the shower and tame this crazy hair of mine. I walk out of the bathroom, to see my roommate...

Prospero in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Shakespeare T

Prospero in William Shakespeares The TempestProspero has long been read as one of Shakespeares most cherished and agitative protagonists. His timeless role in The Tempest has provided readers and novices with insights into many attributes of Shakespeare as a man, his works, and the political views that are personified in his play. The historical context of The Tempest is one that convincingly conveys the political views of the English flock of his time, relating to the colonization of the youthful World, the expansion of British powers, and the domination of the indigenous peoples that was necessary for the British to thrive in the Americas. Of course, many people from the 1600s would argue that domination of these natives would have been completely justified, from this view, Prospero conversely did nothing truly corruptive in taking rule of the Island from Caliban. However, a modern critic reading or watching a performance of The Tempest may find that Prospero is not very diff erent from Antonio when standing the play and the colonial sequence next to each other. The reader will see through basic observation that these two men have more in common than they do in disparity, and more so that he closely resembles the attitude of European colonists settling in the New World. Prospero is simply a ruler, bent for power, and to him, the end justifies the means. The solo true difference between Prospero and Antonio may be that that Prospero is not quite as willing to kill as Antonio is, and that he may not be addicted to gaining power and fratricide as Antonio may be. Prospero is capable of forgiveness, as seen in the end of the play.He does not of course carry all the attributes of an evil villain. If Shakespeare wrote an evil p... ...true difference between himself and Antonio. It reinforces the benevolence that is one of Prosperos characteristics, and also conveys the kindness and grace set upon the native peoples of the English colonies by its European rul ers that since they are ignorant and need constant guidance, they are worth forgiving. Works CitedBrown, Paul/Deborah Willis. William Shakespeare, The Tempest A Case Study inCritical Controversy. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston-New York 2000Hunter, Heidi. colonial Women Race and Culture in Stuart Drama. Oxford University Press. New York, New York. 2001Merrell, James H. Into the American Woods. W&W Norton and Co. Inc. New York, New York. 1999Shakespeare, William. The Tempest Washington Square Press. New York, New York. Folger Shakespeare Library edition. 1994

Essay --

The Great Depression was an absolute sparing disaster that occurred after the big stock market crash of 1929. This crashed occurred mainly because of all the excitement caused by the Roaring Twenties. Popular items like automobiles and household appliances ended up being produced in more greater quantities than were being sold. The current president of the United States, Herbert Hoover, was not succeeding at all in putting an end to The Great Depression. All the Statesns were desperate to find someone who would aid them in climbing push through the great sink hole that was the stability of the United States. Thankfully, for them, Mr. Hoovers successor will be the man to do the trick of bringing America out of that hole. The First and Second New Deals were responses to the worst economic tragedy in American history. Without these deals, Americas economy would have been disastrous for much longer and could have easily had a role on our economic stability today.After taking oath of office on March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that he was going to have a lot on his presidential plate. At this point in time, the economy was almost to the point of completely collapsing. Roosevelt grew up in a rich family and was never one that ever had to work just to make ends meet. He was quite intelligent, graduating from Harvard. He is known for having a charming temper and he knew how to persuade anyone to get what he wanted done accomplished. After graduating from Harvard, he started a career in banking and then went on to become the regulator of New York in 1928. So, he was more than qualified for the presidency and many had faith that he could play a big role in pitch Americas economy. On March 5, 1933, one day after taking oath, Roos... ...f The Great Depression. Roosevelt and his administrations efforts simply put people back to work helped arouse the economy and gave Americans hope. Some parts of the New Deals were successful, some were not so much so. A ll of these acts are also responsible for providing an infrastructure to the current economic system of America and it also provided smaller things like great roads, bridges and dams to greater acts like Social Security. Roosevelts reforms put an end to many disasters only when on the other hand, he knew there were problems that he could not change so he left them be. His efforts were so well-known and praised that after he ran for resource again in 1936, he beat the Republican Party by a landslide which showed that the Americans supported him and his great actions. He deserves most, if not all of the assurance for the successes of the American economy.

Essay --

The owing(p) Depression was an absolute economic disaster that occurred after the big contain market crash of 1929. This crashed occurred mainly because of all the excitement caused by the Roaring Twenties. Popular items interchangeable automobiles and household appliances ended up being produced in oftentimes greater quantities than were being sold. The current president of the United States, Herbert Hoover, was not succeeding at all in putting an end to The Great Depression. tout ensemble Americans were awful to find someone who would aid them in climbing out the great sink hole that was the stability of the United States. Thankfully, for them, Mr. Hoovers successor allow be the man to do the trick of bringing America out of that hole. The First and Second New Deals were responses to the worst economic tragedy in American history. Without these deals, Americas economy would have been disastrous for much longer and could have easily had a role on our economic stability today . after(prenominal) taking oath of office on March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that he was going to have a lot on his presidential plate. At this point in time, the economy was almost to the point of completely collapsing. Roosevelt grew up in a rich family and was never one that ever had to work just to make ends meet. He was quite intelligent, graduating from Harvard. He is known for having a charming personality and he knew how to persuade anyone to get what he wanted done accomplished. After graduating from Harvard, he started a career in banking and then went on to become the governor of New York in 1928. So, he was more than qualified for the presidency and many had faith that he could play a big role in saving Americas economy. On March 5, 1933, one day after taking oath, Roos... ...f The Great Depression. Roosevelt and his administrations efforts simply put people back to work helped stabilize the economy and gave Americans hope. Some parts of the New Deals were successful, some were not so much so. All of these acts are also responsible for providing an infrastructure to the current economic system of America and it also provided smaller things like great roads, bridges and dams to greater acts like Social Security. Roosevelts reforms put an end to many disasters but on the other hand, he knew there were problems that he could not change so he left them be. His efforts were so well-known and praised that after he ran for election again in 1936, he beat the Republican Party by a landslip which showed that the Americans supported him and his great actions. He deserves most, if not all of the credit for the successes of the American economy.

A Terrible Thunder: The Story of the New Orleans Sniper Essay

On New Years Eve, in the city of New Orleans, in the year 1972, a sniper was hidden in the shadows. He is alone, with anger and hate burning his tiny body he went on for many twenty-four hourss to try to kill as many guard officers as he could. The drama ended one week later when hundreds of police armed to the teeth and with the aid of a Marine Corps profane chopper descended on a burning building to battle with the lone sniper. This paper will look into the cause of much(prenominal) a violent asideburst, of the irrational killing of innocent lives. And how it has gone let out of control for the one of the victims in that infamous day of shooting was a nigrify man moreover similar the shooter roughlywhere above, in a building, hidden from view.ColoredPuberty is the age where many young boys hap themselves in a suspended liveness in trying to discoer their identity. To some it is a crisis stage and to many it is a turning point in their lives. In some cases though teen agers termination through this phase are well adjusted and have a pleasant experience during this transition from childhood to adulthood. Most probably they live in a un shitless home plate where their parents where able to shelter them from the evil world outside. But when it is time to go to college or when it is time to move out of the home to find employwork forcet, it is this period when the young man and woman gets the surprise of their lives.Mark crowd together Essex had a similar experience when he left the protective control of his hometget in Kansas. He joined the U.S. Navy in what is perhaps his ticket out of obscurity and poverty. He was able to accomplish one his objectives for in a route he became famous. But non for creation rich and doing something worth emulating he went down the annals of criminal history in one of the bloodiest day of gun related violence.All of these had its beginning when he went left home and an ominous sign of what is coming can be se en in one of his garner where he described his disappointment over what he had witnessed in the workplace and with mystical sadness he wrote that the Navy, is not like I thought it would be, not like in Emporia. Blacks have trouble getting along here (p. 15). His sadness was compounded by the resignation expressed by new(prenominal) dude black enlisted personnel, who said that, it is just the way it is (p. 15).When he went to his supervisor to complain about the racial slur and the discrimination that is going on like a plague on the base what he got was a gentle notwithstanding confusing advice which is in essence to ignore the problem and channel his energies to do something truly important like finishing college through a Navy scholarship perhaps and therefore increase his status. This kind of remarks confirmed in his mind that blacks were inferior citizens in the Navy, and it was hard for him to understand why no one seemed wiling to change things (p.15).Mark James Esse x witnessed a foul crime. It is not something that could be brought in the judicatory of law (at least in the 1970s) just now it is something so offensive that an assault is a welcome alternative rather than the humiliation of a fellow human being being from another. To be treated like an unclean animal is far worse than being hit in the nose with a straight punch.Moreover, the all excuse for such evil deed is the color of their peel off. They have the same design, structure, and ability to feel and understand. The only difference is the way nature chose to color their skin and for M. J. Essex this is purely unacceptable.Fanning the Flames There is a context to everything. M. J. Essex did not just turned into a monster overnight. His visualizet and mind received a continuous aliment of hate and discrimination although it was given to him passively. In the book Peter Hernon discovered that M. J. Essex father urged him to go to the Navy hoping that there is less prejudice ther e. His father served in the Army in World War II and he recounted that, they would get by us down to Mississippi to train with wooden sticks and recalled bitterly, Now why would they send a black man from Kansas or anywhere in the Midwest to Mississippi without any way to protect himself (p. 26). A Reverend named W. A. Chambers told a similar story to the Essex family. He narrated a tale filled with the confusion and sadness accompanying discrimination and he said, Negroes were forced to lock their weapons up at night while the whites were allowed to keep theirs in the barracks (p. 26). One could just imagine what was happening to the mind of the young M. J. Essex whose great hopes of a great America was confused when he encountered the same sick thing that his parents had encountered three decades ago. These stories no doubt added fuel to the sm sometime(a)ing flame of hate and anger. What is needed now is an outlet to contrive it out or it would surely ruin him inside. There is a great need to express the pent-up emotions and nature dictates that when pressure is building up indeed an explosion is imminent unless something happens in a way of releasing that pressure.Many like minded men had found solace, inspiration, and the letting go of dangerous build-up in the heart and mind by joining non-violent protests. The Civil Rights Movement under Martin Luther King, Jr. patterned perhaps from another model of non-violent movement such as that of Mahatma Gandhi who successfully overthrew an oppressive government without firing a single shot. On the other hand there are other groups who could not wait with older men in the hope of finding equality in their lifetime. Besides, both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi died from bullet wounds. Is it not wise to give their enemies a dose of their own medicine? Fire against fire seems to be their motto and they were intent to make their presence known.J. Essex was caught up in the spirit of the times. In the dark times of his fight with discrimination he came a finicky literature concerning the Black Panther Party, a group who does not believe in the saying that the meek will inherit the earth. They would rather believe the opposite, and that is the violent will conduce what they deserve by force. For a young man with a military heritage even if it was not an impressive one, his dad went to served in WWII and his limited experience with the U.S. Armed Forces the proposition by the Black Panthers to take up arms is so much beguiling for an angry young man longing for adventure and a chance to right what is wrong.Trigger The context was established in the last some pages. The anger and restlessness did not come out from a vacuum. There is a history involved here that was t washoutd to the bitter experience of M.J. Essex Dad in the U.S. Army. Now, the stumble that ignited the powder keg of emotions came from two related sources.The first one occurred just after boot camp when he was humiliated in an enlisted mens club, A white boy provideed him what to do, how they had to get ice in another room next to the bar. The white went in and got the ice without asking authority (p.26).The second one is the fight with a man named Robert X. This guy, for no apparent reason could not go along with black people. His insecurity ran so deep that in the opening chapter of the book he was described to hate even the why black people walk. He is offended that the Negro flight seemed to be happy and contented. Maybe he wanted them always suffering and cowed like slaves in plantations long gone. The third source is from the systematic way the Navy seemed to show its prejudice against him. An example is how his (M. J. Essex car) was being searched. It was deliberate and overlyk sometimes half an hour to fully inspect his ride, something that would piss off any person irregardless of race and gender. All in all, what really burned Essex up was the riding he got from petty office rs and other officers. They would write him up for the smallest infraction (p. 26). The last straw that stony-broke the camels back was the terrible experience in the court-martial for he was dishonorably discharged from the Navy.At seven forty-five on the morning of October 19, 1970, M. J. Essex went AWOL. He was transformed overnight from a fun loving a guy who has nary a care in the world to someone constantly brooding, to hypothecate about what a black man has to do to survive (p. 42).Conclusion The Negro race has suffered many injustices from the time that they were captured and sold as slaves many centuries ago. It was such a perplexing tale of man dominating not the beasts of the earth and all the things that contain in it but fellow humans. What is more perplexing though is the slow process of emancipation, from removing them from the fields and into a real liberation where they will be considered as equals among men. The age of Reason has come and the Industrial revolutio n has ushered in a new way of understanding the world and social classes. Freedom was exploding like a beautiful rainbow in the minds and hearts of people around the world. afterwards World War II that idea of independence and the importance of a single person could never be denied. Everyone enjoyed this privilege, all except the Negro race that had to suffer discrimination in the land of the free, in one of the most advance industrialized nation in the world, in the home of the brave the coupled States of America.There were only a few who went to fight for their rights. The spirit of the Negro was suppressed so it is understandable why they could not easily voice out their views. The white people who were not blind to such wickedness, they are the ones who should fight in their behalf yet many perpetuated the myth that the white race is superior over the blacks.The marc to freedom was a slow process, a procedure that sometimes get to be expedited by men of will and character. The se few good men would cross the line and join their Negro brothers although society forbade him to do so. They were indefatigable in their fight to achieve racial equality in American society. But some black folks could not wait for their great white savior. They cannot even hold out for long with the likes of fellow blacks like Martin Luther King, Jr. A few would like to speed up the Civil Rights Movement a little bit and put it in the fast track. Into these ranks of violent persuaders one can find the names Huey Newton and Bobby Seale and their infamous Black Panther Party established in 1967. Their methods may be crude and their language may be vulgar, but it is enough to create a spark in the mind of a young black man whose back was pushed against the wall and every fiber of his being demanding for justice. Sometimes these feelings have to find an outlet or else it would be unbearable to live. Many in the Civil Rights Movement were fortunate to get in look with someone like a M artin Luther King, Jr. who proposed a serious expression of their discontent. Through rallies and demonstrations they were able to voice out the pain that is inside them and it was a good form of release. But others chose another path, more deadly more sinister it is to kill innocent people. Another clue as to why Mark James Essex would go down the road to perdition can be seen from the remarks of her mother that was picked up by the author, Still, keenly aware of how white society dealt with rebellious blacks and afraid her son might be branded a misfit and possibly wind up in jail, she urged moderation (p. 44) This exoneratedly shows that black people have a very negative view of white dominated society. By her mothers statements it was clear that he can find no way out of the dark tunnel he is in. On both sides of the exit are white people waiting to pounce on him. There is no way out except with guns blazing and dying with a glorious death just like what the Black Panthers are advocating. It must be made clear that part of the context of the story of the sniper from New Orleans is the fact that he needed the ideological persuasion of the Black Panthers in order to move from anger, to primitive hatred of whites and then finally to kill in cold blood. Mark James Essex had the misfortune of joining the Black Panthers in a time when they too were desperate and are too eager to end their campaign in a spectacular display of bravado and recklessness.Sound of Thunder The first happening was Cadet Alfred Harrell, 19 age old, newly married and do not have any kind of relationship with Mark James Essex. The second hap was Edwin Hosli, 27 years old and married. He too does not know Mark James Essex. These two facts are very significant because it outlines the problem of racial discrimination showing another disturbing facet on how man erroneously sees race and inequality. Many have fought this wrong thinking head on with bravery and wisdom. Men have died as mar tyrs who offered their blood as payment to stop further violence and prejudice towards blacks. Others have the same goal but with a different method of accomplishing their objectives. By killing Harrell, Hosli and the other victims of Mark James Essex shooting spree, the sniper has clearly shown which side he belongs. He did not deserve to be honored like the other Negro freedom fighters for what he did is nowhere near honorable. He did not sacrifice himself instead he was just looking for an opportunity to vent out his anger and in the end hoping to feel much better. He did not deal with his personal issues and instead allowed his problems to take control of him. Take a look at the facts and it will be made clear that Mark James Essex the killer sniper has become more terrible and more despicable than the racist people he had come to hate. By comparison those who disrespect blacks, make fun of them, humiliate them in front of others though they are very much wrong thy are much be tter than Mark Essex because they did not take life. The humiliated person can always rebound back, the man insulted can always choose to behave as if nothing happened. The dead man cannot do anything. Officers Harrel and Hosli was not even given the chance to hear Essex side of the story. If these police officers harassed Essex then his crime will be understood but killing someone unknown to the assailant, not having any other motive rather than hate is certainly sick. By doing what he did, Mark James Essex is not helping a bit. His spent cartridges provide ammunition to his enemies and fuel their rhetoric that blacks indeed are curse sub-species of the human race. Instead of helping to push forward the issue of equality, Mark James Essex pushed it a couple of years backward. He never profited from his actions he only brought his parents to the grave with deep anguish and heartbreak it was a product of his selfishness. His actions should not be emulated by any black or white perso n facing incredible odds.

Top brands

Division of the technology tell on on the basis of those who own strong consumer cladding brand and those who do non have as Google and other technology brands like Apple and Samsung generate a lot of attention compare to non-technology brands. For few brands which have consumer products, consumer experience plays an Important role. Google with its various application such as maps, translation. Voice services and much is genius of those brands for which consumer experience plays an all-important(a) role. 2.Apple Apple being a technology brand creates a lot of attention which goes a long way in establishing Itself as the number two brand behind Google. It attracts a lot of commentary, Like Google do, with Its desir equal to(p) mainstream products as head as their more experimental efforts Like wearable. Firms Like Apple and others shape the bar for what a digital experience for any consumer to be. Collaborations and acquisitions also help Apple grow both as a brand and value. Barberrys collaboration with Apple for taking images for its catwalk with the latest phone. 3. mummy The number third position Is again occupied by a technology company, MOM.Marketing has evolved at an unprecedented rate, the consumer behavior is changing at a trice of an eye, brands are bigger than ever, competition is global, for this purpose you need platforms or software that can keep you in the game for long run, tools which can be bodied into ever more comprehensive platforms of business software by companies such as IBM and other technology giants. As Microsoft is a very old and well established brand it occupies number four position in the ranking. Through its salient features (coming to mind spontaneously) it has a wide acceptance in terms of dependableness and functionality.The rapid rises in brand value and the fluctuations with Apple declining and Microsoft rebounding is testimony to the fact of extraordinary rate of industry maturation and innovation happening simul taneously. Few brands with all-powerful tagging attract the consumer. The most successful technology brands are those that constantly push brand life cycle to the right. Brands see through the cloud and turn supply into action. 5. McDonald With a brand value $85,706 million, McDonald occupies the fourth position in the ranking. It is also a salient brand when one thinks of fast food with quality and one which trespasss human health directly.McDonald slowed down in terms of brand value as compared to the year 2013 because of menu complications. Influence of other brands either makes the brand more innovative or competitive or makes it fall. 6. Coca-Cola Coca-Cola is the only soft drinks firm in the top ten Global Brands. Salience in an important tilt for a brand to be consistently in the top brands of the world. If one thinks of fast food McDonald comes into mind and similarly when one thinks of soft drinks Coca-Cola comes to mind. As these brands impact human health any once reg arding the same has an adverse effect on the brand as a whole.High brand contribution also plays an important role and helps in staying power. 7. Visa Certain brands might be very strong compared to their competitors but the category as a whole might not be talked about much and one such category is Visa (credit cards). Financial services are driven by third party communications, consumer facing experimental commentary is minimal. But distinct from this trend Visa and other financial services giants such as American Express had success with consumer campaigns which reiterated the recognise promise of the cards.We can conclude that campaigning might give surety and security to the customers. 8. AT&T AT&T is a telecoms brand which occupies one-eighth position. The pressure and the competition is very tough in telecoms sector and this factor led only to a marginal increment of three percent everyplace the previous year. Also contributing to this cut throat competition is the pricing distribution. In a category noisy with competitor claims, differentiating and services provided makes a coarse difference as AT&T made similar points with its TV campaign Its not complicated. 9. MarlboroWith a brand value of $67,341 million Marlboro occupies the 9th position. The possible TV ads and radios in the world condemns. 10. Amazon. Com Amazon. Com is the only retail brand among the top 10 brand of the world. It gives testimony to the service that it provides, and its foray into the Indian grocery store with one day delivery concept that too free of cost is giving Jitters to Indian retail giants such as Flippant. Com. An online e-retailing firm wouldnt able to exist if it doesnt deliver what it promises and being in the top ten Amazon. Com gives reasons to believe its efficiency, effectiveness to the hilt.

Lost Time Is Never Found Again

It was Ben Franklin who said lost duration is never found again. Mr. Benjamin Franklinalso said Remember that time is property. Each of us has exactly 24 hours per day. Neither more nor less minute. Those of us that maintain a full time job know very well that we trade our time weekly in exchange for money. Some of us earn more money for less time and of course the verso is true. Nowadays there are two categories of people. People from the first group work hard in order to make enough for a living, to cope with their basic needs.While the others consider money as a way to win more power and better social position, sometimes even friends. They say silver makes the world go round and time represents only money for them. In my opinion, there can non exist any statement that is undoubtedly true. And in this way, we are not able to say whether time is money or not. Some people will always believe that time is only money but zilch else others will defend the opposite thesis.All o f us should realize that the material world around us makes time money. I confess that all of us should be realists. No one can lead normal life without enough money. People constantly work in order to earn. And they need time. It is mainly money for them. Their credo is Dont lose time, make money Certainly, interests, requests, opinions of other people can and should be considered by you at definition of how you spend yours of time. besides nevertheless, the final decision always for you.

Unleashing the Vortex of Marketing

Basically, grocery storeing revolves around the vortex of financial gain mixed with the never ending maze of public relation skills and forecasting methods. In first sight, it may sound easy to have a product sold on the marketbut on real issues and base on testimonies from those who are under the schema of marketing and commerce, the challenge comes in a full turn of abilities and finesse. Perceivably, an individual who does not possess the skill to persuade and create a dimension of intellectual connection over the consumers, then it may be evaluated as an employer or a producer with empty pockets and modify hands.The world of commerce is vast and vague one who does not get a ticket to the clear vision on that field will lastly end up on the banquet with rugged clothes, per se. In further illustration, marketing is like a battle of tycoons the targets are on the centerthe consumersand the chance of having that target get on ones sleeve is to outweigh all the other players of the realmconsequently a hard task since in that respect are those who may be as competent as you are or rather ones product is highly focused by the consumer in some instance.Moreover, the idea that every customer is in different markets at different times and different places is not as heretical as it initially might sound. For instance, newspaper publishers have long recognized that most of their customers have more leisure time on Sundays to read the paper and accordingly have filled that edition with a greater number and wider variety of stories.Similarly, airlines, hotels, and car-rental companies find that the desires of their clients differ greatly depending on whether they are traveling for clientele or for leisureand differ yet again when they combine the two. One executive at a major airline remarked, Weve even found that the needs of business travelers differ depending on whether they are going to or coming from a meeting. In the apparel industry, a given customer coul d be in the market for casual wear at one time and for business attire at another (Vitale, 1998).ReferenceVitale, J. G. (1998). Theres a Customer Born Every narrow P.T. Barnums Secrets to Business Success. New York AMACOM Books.

Advertising Essay

Every solar day, whether watching tv, listening to the radio, or driving in the car, people encounter all sorts of advertisements. For as long as most stick out remember, advertising has been all over the place, and over time it has weaved its way into the day to day lives of society. The use of advertising is to grab ones attention and to persuade them of something, usually to buy a service or a product. And whether we come across it or not, negatively or positively, advertisements affect people psychologically. Some of them use bright colors, others use statistics, and some use humor to grab ones attention.One such advertisements comes from the gym, Planet fittingness. Planet Fitness attracts members by use of humor and by appealing to the physical and financial needs of the average joe in their advertisements. In this commercial, there are young, fit women walking around the locker populate talking about how hot they are and how hot they think apiece other are, all the while a normal woman of a little older age sits in her towel and witnesses their conversation. You can tell that shes clearly uncomfortable with be in the situation. She then goes on to tell the fitness instructor And thats why I dont standardised gyms and the instructor responds with Well, were not a gym. Were Planet Fitness. So they understand that not everybody that goes to the gym is a overlarge muscled hunk, and that sometimes it can be a little uncomfortable existence around people that are like that. The way that Planet Fitness is built and the way in which they carry themselves, is that they make the customer feel that they are whats most important to the company. They care about making you feel comfortable while being able to exercise in a public gym. Planet Fitness also understands that not everybody is made up of extra money.This is taken from the Planet Fitness website, We dont have any salespeople, and we dont bother with all the extras like juice bars and childcare that drive up cost and can make a gym membership seem more like a car payment. Instead, weve boiled our business down to the things that you really indigence in a health club clean, stylish, hassle-free facilities that are filled with tons of brand-name cardio and strength equipment, and a lot of happy people. If youre looking for a comfortable, favorable place to exercise, and like a great deal, then youll love Planet Fitness. (http//www. planetfitness. com/About-Planet-Fitness-Gym).They offer memberships for just ten dollars a month, which is an amazing bargain compared to other big name gyms such as the YMCA or 24 Hour Fitness. By offering cheap rates, it creates a great incentive for somebody to exercise at Planet Fitness. Lastly, Planet Fitness seems to appeal to women in this advertisement. Its socially acceptable to say that women are looked at as being more refined than men when it comes to their appearance and body image. So in this particular ad, they show that the normal woman is very very uncomfortable in the locker room and its actually a deal breaker for her when it comes to going to the gym.So by showing this advertisement, Planet Fitness can attract more female customers just by letting them know that they wont be judged at the gym and they can exercise with a peace of mind. With all this being said, it can be concluded that the advertisement by Planet Fitness is a successful one. By appealing to peoples wallets and through their misgiving of the comfort zone, and having humorous commercials, theyve established credibility with the public as being a welcoming, friendly gym all at a let loose cost.

Reagan Domestic Policy and Developments

Colin Nardella Mr. Conroy AP U. S. History Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois to Nelle and John Reagan. Reagan graduated from Eureka College and studied economics and sociology during his quadruple years there. Eureka College, located in Illinois, was founded by abolitionists who belonged to the Christian Church religious faecal matter (Eureka College). Reagan, a member of the Christian Church himself, based many a nonher(prenominal) of his political stances on the values he took from his religion and the college he attended.Before entering into politics, Reagan started out as a radio sports announcer and later became a great actor and a television host. During Reagans playacting career, he became president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947-1952, which was dealing with suspicions of communist infiltration at the time. After his acting career, he hosted the popular television show, General Electric Theater (American President Ronald Reagan). From Reagans time in public service, he was able to crystallise fame in his acting career.Reagan is most known for surviving an assassination that was attempted by John Hinckley, a mentally disturbed young man from Colorado. Whats passing disturbing was the reasoning behind his assassination. Hinckley attempted to murder the president not for a political agenda or because he was a position of another party, but mainly for the attention of the actress Jodi Foster. On March 30 1981, after being gunned chain reactor, Reagan was rushed to the local emergency room, and while facing oddment Reagan still kept his character and jokingly asked the surgeons in the emergency room if they were republicans.As a result of his recovery from the traumatic make upt, Reagan not exactly pulled through with(predicate) quickly, his popularity among the American people highly increased as he re sprained to work at the White House (American President Ronald Reagan). Yet with the good comes the b ad, Reagans popularity rate wouldnt stay high for a long period of time due to the decisions that would have a major negative impact on the nation economically, as well as socially. A few months after coming back to office Reagan, was confronted with a major crisis. In the month of frightful in 1981, the U. S. ir controllers went on strike because they felt they served a substantial amount to their government. Therefore, they felt they deserved to be on U. S. government pay-roll, even though at the moment, they were on a pay-roll through a different union. One would think that Reagan would see where the air controllers frustrations resulted from, and yet instead of coming to agreement Reagan pulled something extremely dramatic. He came to the decision to fire each air controller that went on strike. Reagan then replaced these skilled gentlemen with individuals who were nowhere near qualified and labeled as scabs.As a result of his negative actions, the commercial flight industry wo uld soon face even more hardships (American President Ronald Reagan). This was just the tip of the iceberg lettuce that lowered his popularity rate. Reagan continued with actions that just kept disap maneuvering the American people each and every time his actions did not meet his domestic policy goals. What Reagan failed to address, was not the economic issues in the United States, but the particular that his actions were negatively affecting the social issues in the country as well (The Reagan Administration).When it came to the major aid crisis in the United States and the controversial drug issue in the United States, Reagan refused to accept that these two topics were deemed to be critical issues among the people. Whats highly disturbing is the fact that while the AIDS epidemic was hitting the country at full force, the United States own president was denying the fact that it was an epidemic even with all the facts in front of him (American President Ronald Reagan). President Reagan looked at the AIDS epidemic extremely casually. In fact, he felt that it wasnt a social issue, but instead more of a moral issue.Reagan believed that while America was on a moral decline, the AIDS virus was spreading like wildfire. In short, he felt the younger generation wishinged the morals that would prevent selfish sexual behavior. So when people of the young generation were diagnosed with the horrid virus, the president looked down on them with disdain. As a result of this theory, Reagan lost a lot of book from the young voters. In this case, the president showed his very conservative beliefs, curiously his lack of understanding. Reagans conservativeness is evident in his dislike of abortion and homosexuality.Reagan used the Moral bulk as a driving force in his authorities. The Moral Majority was a new political movement created by Reverend Jerry Falwell, who said, Americans are sick and tired of the way the amoral liberals are trying to corrupt our nation, in 1979. This movement was also against drugs, the coddling of criminals, and communism (The American Nation). Reagan realized that the United States was in an economic crisis, and figured the best way for the United States to drive home billions, was to get the funding of some(prenominal) programs.Reagans domestic policy placed a heavy emphasis on cutting taxes, balancing the actual US spending budget, and worse, taking support away from social welfare programs that many lower class Americans needed on a daily basis to survive. Although Reagan promised to cut the budget, his presidency resulted in a internal debt, mainly from his military and defense spending. President Reagan supported taking away from programs that helped out the minorities of the United States. Even worse, Reagan took away from programs that assisted single mothers and children with no guilt what so ever (The Reagan Administration).During his presidency, he continued to take away from the social programs, in hopes t hat the US government would be able to save billions. Eventually the United States government minimized welfare program spending by over $20 billion. Reagan also succeeded in slashing taxes to a point where the government was barely collecting any income revenue. Now even though the Americans loved the tax cuts, they failed to realize that tax cuts arent always the best solution, especially in an economic crisis.The American people and the Reagan Administration failed to realize that without revenues from taxes, the government was unable to pay for the services it provided. To add fuel to the fire Reagan not only dramatically reduced tax rates, but worse increased total government spending, particularly in the areas of defense. Reagan also reduced federal official aid to education, federal contributions to state governments, and placed new restrictions on Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Surprisingly enough, Reagan supported government aid to private schools run by church gr oups, even with the constitutional principle that separates church and tate (The American Nation). This support showed yet another example of the Moral Majority playing a significant role in Reagans domestic policy. Yet unfortunately, the Reagan Administration was unable to control the increasing government spending rate (The Reagan Administration). The United States government was spending billions inside their own military, mainly because Reagan believed the U. S. armed forces had been deteriorating and needed to undergo a re-building process, especially with the imminent fear of Soviet attack. As a result of this spending policy, the U. S government increased their military budget by about 35 percent.This military spending budget also included the War on Drugs. In 1987, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that granted $1. 7 billion to fight drugs. Furthermore, Reagan increased the space program budget. During his presidency, the manned space shuttle Columbia, which was launched by rocket power, orbited the Earth for several days and was used for the transportation of satellites into space. Another space shuttle called Challenger, which was launched in 1986, is infamously known for its explosion after takeoff, causing the ending of all its seven astronauts (The American Nation).The Reagan administration did not have easy terms in office, in regard to the nations domestic situation. The administration was forced to deal with a major economic recession, a year after his election. President Reagan believed that his system of Reaganomics, could get his country out of an economic crisis and turn it in to booming scrimping. Reagan asked Congress to lower taxes by 30 percent, which he reasoned would leave people with more money that they could use to invest. Reagan believed that these investments would stimulate the economy by generating more goods and more jobs (The American Nation).But what Reagan and his administration failed to realize, is that while they d id make the American people happy with the tax cuts, they also increased the national debt because their spending did not make up for the loss of profit. Also, the administration didnt keep in mind the social well-being of some people when they cut spending from multiple welfare programs and educational programs. Reagan showed a greater interest for military programs in his spending then social programs. Also, it is important to note that Reagan nominative the first female justice to the Supreme Court, when he chose Sandra Day OConnor.The Reagan administrations accomplishments and mistakes will be permanently remembered in our nations history for decades to come hopefully one generations mistakes can help the future generation avoid issues within our economy, and government as a whole. Bibliography American President Ronald Reagan (19112004). Millercenter. org. Ed. Lou Cannon. University of Virginia. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . Carnes, Mark C. , and John A. Garraty. Chapter 31. The Ameri can Nation a History of the United States. 13th ed.New York Pearson/Longman, 2008. Print. Eureka College History. Eureka. edu. Eureka College, 2007-2009. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . The Reagan Administration. HowStuffWorks Learn How Everything Works Discovery Communications. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . Ronald Reagan. Whitehouse. gov. The White House. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . Reagan Domestic Policy And Developments By Colin Nardella

Poverty in New York City

Josh Williams Religion 10 3/16/13 Mr. Martinez Cause Of distress In The United States Poverty is an increasing problem in the United States. The cause of want in the United States is a plethora of things, Such as the economy haveting worse so jobs and factories had to diagnose budget cuts so umteen people lost their job because Of the worsening economy.This is non the only footing though in that location is also people who have serious drug and alcohol addictions and use both their money on their addictions and so become pathetic, in that respect is still the gamblers that loose all their money and theres the people that n constantly got a approximate education so never got a good job and was never able to support themselves or families.Poverty is very tragic but sometimes its not only Because someone got laid off their job and theres nothing they could do around it, but also it tramp be the persons fault for addictions, gambling and never taking school earnestly and regretting it when their older and dont have a job to support yourself or family. During the Holocaust there were art objecty make upts that occurred which violated skilful about every rationale of Catholic Social T to separately oneings. there ar three that stand out the most these principles are weatherness and dignity of the human person, survival for the poor and vulnerable, and also care for Gods creation.These principles were violated in many ways and various occasions during the final solution. The holocaust violates life and dignity of the human person in many ways one is that it god decides when ones life shall end and how their life shall go but the holocaust killed many innocent people for no effort and that is not what god planned for these people. If we bear all this wo(e) and if there are still Jews left, when it is over, then Jews, instead of being doomed, lead be held up as an example. Anne Frank.This summon by Anne Frank shows even though Jews were put through so much miserable and were denied their dignity they will still be powerful and great people. What exactly was the difference? He wondered to himself. And who determined which people wore the striped pajamas and which people wore the uniforms? stern Boyne. This abduce is saying that killing humans is not fair because what if the killer was being killed and god decided who is who so a person should not be able to decide if he or she should live or not that is gods decision.Option for the poor and vulnerable is that people should not be prosecuted or treated other than for any reason but in the holocausts case it was the vulnerable being attacked and treated differently because Hitler and his Nazi army out numbered the Jews. I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. Elie Wiesel.This quot e is showing that the Jews were vulnerable to the Nazi attacks and that no human should have to go through that pain and suffering no matter what terminal figure of living. We are alive. We are human, with good and bad in us. Thats all we know for sure. We fannyt create a mod species or a new(a) field. Thats been done. Now we have to live within those boundaries. What are our choices? We tin can discouragement and curse, and change nothing. We can choose evil like our enemies have done and create a world based on hate. Or we can provide to make things better. Carol Matas.This quote shows that humans no matter how poor, rich, small, tall, or whatever ethnicity or religious beliefs should not be held vulnerable to a extract of terrorists or extremist group such as the Nazis on the Jews. The last principle of catholic social teachings that were violated by the actions of the Nazis during the holocaust was care for Gods creations. This is the principle that was violated the most, throughout the holocaust Jews were abused and worked to death and killed with various ways of torture showing complete disregard to Gods wishes of loving all and his creations. never shall I pull up stakes that night, the original night in pack, that turned my life into one long night seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that great deal. Never shall I forget the small faces of the children whose bodies I saw transformed into smoke under a silent sky. Never shall I forget those flames that consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence that deprived me for all eternity of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments that polish off my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes.Never shall I forget those things, even were I condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. Elie Wiesel. This quote shows the get word of a Jew who was actually in a concentration camp and he had to deal with the pain and suffering and this quote brings out all the sick torture he received in a quote and how he will be scared for life and will never forget what happened to him at the concentration camp. They thought we were stupid to do it, ( cloak Jews) of course in fact, it was beyond their comprehension that we would risk so much for Jews. Diet Eman. This quote shows even if it was stupid to help Jews and hide them because of the risk of being killed it was worth it because he was aware of Gods wishes and how the creation of god should be loved so this noble man sacrificed and put his take life at risk just to help and care for one of Gods creations. The cause of poverty in the United States is many things in todays caller, such as the worsening of the economy, job cuts, drug and alcohol addiction, gambling, poor income, and not attending college.In many cases some of these causes can intervene and affiliate with each other. For example if someone is poor from spending all of their money on alcohol and drugs the might try to gamble to get money back, or if someone does not attend college they might not get enough money from their job to provide for themselves or a family if they have one. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. John F, Kennedy.This quote by the power president of the United States claims that if a nation cant help their people who are suffering through poverty it cant save the corrupt rich citizens who dont gift and try to help the struggling lower class then they dont disserve to be wealthy. This is a secondary source because John F. Kennedy did not suffer from poverty. Poverty is a lot concealed in splendor, and often in extravagance. It is the task of many people to conceal their neediness from others. Consequently they support themselves by temporary means, and day-to-day is lost in contriving for tomorrow. Samuel Johnson. This quote is a secondary source because Samuel Johnson did not suffer through poverty. This quote is sa ying that poverty is not just brought upon someone but if you dont work ambitious enough it will come upon you so you must catch ones breath humble and never become to slow and always strive for the best. I am a poor man, but I have this solace I am poor by accident, not by design. Josh Billings. This quote shows that poverty is not planned but if you dont work hard enough it will come to you, this man did not want to be poor but it caught up to him because his lack of effort and laziness.This quote is a primary source because it is written by someone who has experienced poverty. The seven deadly sins food, clothing, firing, rent, taxes, respectability and children. cypher can lift those seven millstones from Mans neck but money and the spirit cannot soar until the millstones are lifted. George Bernard Shaw. This quote represents everything that can corrupt a man and transform a good man into a sinner and these actions will leave him corrupt and poor. Poverty is experienced through out the world in oversize numbers but continues to grow as a huge struggle for The United states.I have my own personal experience with poverty in my life, as do many citizens of the United States. My personal experience with poverty was about two years ago my aunt who is also my godmother, and a very wet woman in my life whom I look up to was fired from her job because her company unavoidable to save money. This impacted my life in a huge way because my aunt had nowhere to stay and she had to live with e and my family until she found a new job and was able to afford a new house.During this time period every day after my homework I would look in the publisher with my aunt and help her find jobs that sounded like fun because it made me sad seeing my aunt like this because I looked up to her and she is one of the most inspirational women in my life because of the way she faugh through her struggles and overcame poverty and is now very successful. But sadly after my aunt w as back on her feet and doing good at her new job a few months later she was diagnosed with breast cancer.When I heard this news I was heartbroken but I didnt let it upset me because I know that my aunt is the strongest women ever and she can overcome anything she has been cleared of cancer twice and keeps fighting it off I know she can do anything. Poverty even in today remains as one of the United Stats biggest tribulations. more(prenominal) then 15% of the United States suffers from poverty, this is not acceptable we as proud citizens of the United States should fight for each other and always have one anothers back in hardships such as poverty.Ways average people can help decrease the poverty rate s very transparent and will not even contribute too much time out of their day, there are easy fast simple ways we can help people suffering from poverty. These ways are doing charitable acts such as donating money, food and shelter to homeless people, or simply just can food drives at your local school just try to get involved and help your lad neighbors. Poverty may be strong but as a powerful matching nation we can do anything and poverty would stand no chance against us because we are gods children and we can do anything

The Hour of the Star

A wizard of loss and The right to protest A Lacanian reading of the deal The bit of the angiotensin-converting enzyme1 When Clarice Lispector wrote this story with a beginning, a middle and a grand finale followed by silence and falling rain. (HE, pp. 13) she hoped that it could become my her protest coagulation one(a) day (HE, pp. 12). In fact, her hour was near for she would soon die of cancer. The book emerged as an experimental novel gradually dialoguing with and producing illusions of itself, like images in reflects, paradoxically portraying the invisible.Both her book and Susana Amarals cinematic accommodation seem extremely conscious of Lacans c erstpt of humbleivity and adherent to his psychoanalytic theory that reinterprets Freud in geomorphologicist toll, adapting the linguistic model to the data of psycho compend. What lies beneath the choice to take in charge a Lacanian reading of The Hour of the Star is non the removes patent openness to Lacans ideas on stilbestrolire, lack and the language of the unconscious.Despite the theoretical suggestiveness of much of the epitome that is to follow, the let of this essay is to analyse The Hour of the Star using the methodology developed by Lacan whilst criticising its very mechanisms, stressing the wideness of issues such as ethnicity, marginality, and p overty, mixer, cultural and political alienation, left behind by his account of the development of the military man case. A fairly mainstream cinematic version re get ins the avant-garde, subversive structure of the book.In the delineation things fall into place more than handily in the name of coherence, and social issues (the chronic plight of a certain type of North-Eastern Brazilians who undertakes a journey to the great cities of the South in search of a better demeanor) replace the major metaphysical meditations found in the book. In The Hour of the Star eachthing is subjected to a multiplicity of inflameductions, exaggerated to the minimum, a burlesque in reverse that works in favour of a growing invisibility of things.Physical invisibility, abortion and repress knowledgeableity atomic number 18 highlighted in the film, depicting the drama of Macabea, a humble orphan girl from the boondocks of Alagoas, North Eastern Brazil, who was brought up by a forbidding aunt before making her counseling to the slums of Rio de Janeiro. In this city, she sh bes the same bed sitter with three girls and works as a typist. Cent chromatic on her (in)existence, the film explores Macabeas marginality by placing her among the marginalities of the characters that populate the world of Rio de Janeiro.There is a strong focus on the relationships between the characters Seu Raimundo and Seu Pereira (her bosses), Gloria (her boyfriend from work), Olimpico de Jesus Moreira C saves (her boyfriend), and Madame Carlota (the dowry 1 Throughout the essay, A Hora da Estrela, (HE) pass on refer to Clarice Lispectors novel (Port uguese version), while the title The Hour of the Star (HS) will refer to the film, a Brazilian cinematic adaptation of Clarice Lispectors book (The Hour of the Star, Dir.Susana Amaral, Raiz Producoes Cinematograficas, 1985). The dialogues in this work were translated and transcribed from the film, while the book excerpts were interpreted from the English translation of the novel The Hour of the Star, trans. Giovanni Pontiero (Manchester Carcanet, 1992). 1 teller). Macabea has poverty, in know, ingenuity, ill-health and anonymity written all over her. each she can afford to eat and drink atomic number 18 hotdogs and Coca-cola.Her only (unachievable) dream is to become a film star. Without any goals in life, her sole interest is listening to wireless Relogio (Radio Clock) that broadcasts the seconds, minutes and hours of the day a presbyopic with haphazard instruction well-nigh life. Olimpico, who she acquires in the park one day, starts going out with her but ends up in Gloriaa arms, after the latters visit to the fortune teller. When Macabea decides to visit the fortune teller herself, her life seems about to change completely.The promise of abundance is followed by utter disappointment when Macabea, wearing her new Cinderella-blue dress, is mental testing over by a car and dies alone, fantasising that she is running into the arms of the promised rich lover Hans, her long frizzy hair in the wind. Any Lacanian approach to this Cinderella-in-reverse story would proceed with reference point to the unconscious, interpreting the text as a metaphor of the unconscious and the subject as a linguistic construct. Lacan is unequivocally clear when he states that () the unconscious is structured in the most radical way like a language, hat a material operates in it according to certain laws, which be the same laws as those discovered in the pack of actual languages ()2 To the French psychoanalyst, the unconscious is constituted by a signifying chain, whereby th e negative relations between the signifiers3 are never anchored in centre one signifier leads to an some other but never to the things it supposedly represents. Macabea launches the map of signifiers in the film the assemblages of signifiers clustered around her convey the elusiveness of the signified and the centrality of the unconscious.Her problem with the importee of words stands for Lacans model which gives primacy to the signifier and non the signified. The audience feels somehow oppressed by the some(prenominal) un causeed questions and the furiousness of the oblique illusions of truth inside definitions. What follows is a dialogue between Macabea and Olimpico during one of their walks together Macabea On Radio Clock they were talking about alligators and something about camouflage What does camouflage mean? Olimpico Thats not a nice word for a sodding(a) to be using.The brothels are full of women who asked far too many questions. Macabea Olimpico Where is the brothel? Its an evil place where only men go. 2 Jacques Lacan, Ecrits A Selection, pp. 234 2 skillful because slew ask you for something doesnt mean thats what they really want you to give them4, Lacan would argue, commenting on this dialogue. What Macabea hopes from Olimpico is not exactly a words signification but something else implied in that same dialogue. She desires the meaning, but lacks the meaning and that same lack structures her desire.Macabea asks others for definitions, but others are as ignorant as she is. The films plays on ambiguity, misunderstandings and misjudgments add to Lacans play of signifiers Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Olimpico Macabea Well Well what? I just utter intumesce. But well what? Lets change the subject. You dont understand. Understand what? Oh my God, Macabea. Lets talk about something else. What do you want to talk about? Why dont you talk ab out you?Me? Whats the problem? People talk about themselves. Yes, but I am not like other people. I dont think I am many people. If you are not people, so what are you? Its just that Im not used to it. What? Not used to what? I cant explain. Am I really myself? Look, Im off. Youve no wits. How do I get wits? Insofar as the Lacanian analyst doesnt take himself/herself as the representative of intimacy but sees the analysands unconscious as the ultimate authority, all these questions about the meaning of words are also metaphors of the unconscious.Macabea is under the illusion that meaning can be fixed and the illusion of stability destabilizes her. concord to Lacans view of interpretation, meaning is imaginary and ir applicable It is the chain of the signifier that the meaning insists without any of its elements making up the signification. 5 In one of the last scenes, Macabea is driven to the fortune teller by her dude friend, Gloria, in an effort to fix her life. Madame Carlota divines everything about Macabeas past, ac fellowships 3 Lacan followed the ideas laid out by the linguist Saussure, who viewed the ign as the combination of a signifier (sound image) and a signified (concept). Lacan focuses on relations between signifiers alone. 4 J. Lacan, Ecrits A Selection, Seminar XIII 3 the signs of the future but fails to interpret them. Macabeas fate is consummated scorn the fortune tellers misinterpretations because, Lacanians major power argue, understanding is irrelevant to the process. But, in this case, understanding becomes very relevant indeed for the Lacanian critics who argue that death represents the destiny of those who get hold of the appendage.By misunderstanding the signs, Madame Carlota tells Macabea her supposedly brilliant future. As if listening to a fanfare of trumpets coming from heaven (HE, pp. 76), Macabea learns that she is going to be very rich, meet a wealthy handsome foreigner named Hans, with whom she will marry, and become a r enown famous star. Macabea believes every single word she is told, hence truly acknowledging that all her fantasies will come true that very day. Macabeas desire to train the Phallus is now a reality. Once desire is extinguished, there are no more reasons to keep on living.This scene shows how Lacans view on interpretation as an subdued reductionist task leading to imaginary understanding can rebound on him. The scene previously referred to is rooted in another depicting the beginning of the relationship between Macabea and Olimpico, which shows the essentialist views latent in Dr. Lacans theory of sexuation. Lacans concept of object (a) is considered to be his most significant contribution to psychoanalysis. 6 tendency (a) is that which is desired but always out of reach, a lost object signifying an imaginary moment in time.According to his theory, people delve into relationships because they are driven by the desire to overcome want (consequence of castration). Because Lack i s experienced in distinct ways by men and women, both sexes have different ways of overcoming their Lack they either place themselves in relation to the Phallus (feminine structures) or the object (a) ( manly structures). Lacan argues that in the sexual relationship7 the sexes are defined separately because they are organized differently with respect to language/to the symbolic8 manly structure limits men to Phallic jouissance while feminine structure limits omen to object (a) jouissance and also allows them to experience another kind of jouissance, which Lacan calls the Other jouissance9. By jouissance Lacan implies what is forbidden to him who J. Lacan, Ecrits A Selection, Instance de la letter dans linconscient ou la raison depuis Freud In the preface to Ecrits, Lacan mentions object (a) We call upon this object as universe at once the cause of desire in which the subject is eclipsed and as something supporting the subject between truth and knowledge. 7 It must be kept in mind that Lacans work on sexual contrast crosses over the borderlines of biological distinction. He defines femininity and masculinity on the basis of psychoanalytic terms. 8 Lacan explains the substitute versions of castration 6 5 () suggerer un derangement non pas contingent, mais essentie de la sexualite humaine () sur lirreductibilite a toute analyse finie (endliche), des sequelles qui resultant du complexe de castration dans linconscient manlike, du penisneid dans linconscient de la femme. In La signification du phallus, Ecrits, pp. 85 9 When Lacan discusses the notion of another kind of jouissance (Other jouissance), he explains that women (human universes structured by the feminine) are the only ones that have access to it, while men are limited to Phallic jouissance. According to Bruce Fink, this concept roughly implies that the phallic function has its limits and that the signifier isnt everything. B. Fink, The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouissance, pp. 107) 4 speaks ()10, that is, that completion of being which is incessantly inaccessible to the split subject.To paraphrase Fink, insofar as a woman forms a relationship with a man, she is likely to be editd to an object object (a), reduced to no more than a disposition of manly deception objects, an image that contains and yet disguises object (a). He will isolate one of her features and desire that single feature (her hair, her legs, her voice, etc. ), instead of the woman as a firm. In a different way, the woman may require a man to embody the Phallus for her, but her partner will never truly be the man as much as the Phallus.Therefore, il ny a pas de rapport sexuel (Lacans famous remark) because the dissymmetry of partners is utter and complete. By lack of symmetry Lacan means what she/he sees herself/himself in relation to either the Phallus or object (a). Going stern to the film, the masculine and feminine realms seem to be clearly limited in terms of a traditional heterosexua l system (the odd-one-out being the character of the fortune teller in whom we perceive traces of oddity). When Olimpico first meets Macabea in the park, she is holding a red flower in her hands.Olimpico draws nearer, asks her name and invites her for a walk. At a certain point he mentions her red flower, gently asks for her permission to pull out its leaves, and finally returns it to Macabea. Under Lacans eyes, insofar as she holds the flower, Macabea sees herself in terms of the Phallus, the flower being its metaphor, what she desires to hold in her hands. Olimpico is, in her eyes, the biologically defined man incarnating the Phallus (her true partner being the Phallus and not the man).As Lacans theory sets out to show, Olimpico belongs to those characterized by masculine structure. He will search in spite of appearance this womans features, a particular one and reduce her to object (a) in his fantasy, trying to overcome the primordial Lack. However, it seems terribly hard to in vest a odd object that arouses his desire in this particular woman ugly, dirty and expression rather ill, there is cryptograph in her left to be reduced to a male fantasy object. Hence the customized flower Olimpico invests what arouses his desire11 in the flower and not the girl.If we pursue Lacans theory a step further in terms of masculine/signifier and feminine/signifiance12, we will conclude that his work on sexuation rests on the belief that subjectification takes place at different levels in different sexuated beings while the signifier refuses the task of signification, the signifiant plays the material, non-signifying face of the signifier, the part that has cause without signifying jouissance effects. 13 This is displayed as the J. Lacan, Ecrits A Selection, pp. 319 A similar flower will appear again in the film Macabea has station it in a glass n her desk at work. Gloria, her colleague from the office, is getting pee-pee for a first date with a man she never met bef ore. She decides to wear the red flower in her bodice so that he can recognise her. Her appropriation of the flower symbolises her future appropriation of Olimpicos fantasy (she will steal Macabeas boyfriend, following the fortune tellers advice) and her reduction to a male fantasy object. At the same time, the man she is about to go out with is reduced to his sexy voice. 12 Lacans concept of letre de la signifiance, found in Seminar XX, is explained by B.Fink in these terms I have proposed to translate it as signifierness, that is, the fact of being a signifier () the signifying reputation of signifiers. When Lacan uses this term, it is to emphasise the nonsensical nature of the signifier, the very existence of signifiers apart from and separated from any possible meaning or signification they might have. B. Fink, The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouissance, pp. 118-9 13 B. Fink, The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouissance, pp. 119 11 10 5 heoretical reason impl ying that the signifier of desire can be identified with only one sex at a time, meaning that Woman can never be defined as long as Man is defined. As Fink puts it, () the masculine path might then be qualified as that of desire (becoming ones own cause of desire) while the feminine path would be that of love. 14 Watching this scene in isolation, one has the impression that love is for Macabea as desire is for Olimpico. This is not unaccompanied the case, for in this scene and in the film in general, a woman (Macabea) is defined as long as a man (Olimpico) is defined.In a relationship where the partners are not identical (different feminine/masculine structures) both of them are control by desire. On the one hand, Olimpico desires all the attributes that Macabea sadly lacks, so he turns to Gloria, Macabeas ideal imago (a version of what the latter wants to be, a version of herself that she can love). On the other hand, Macabea is not ruled by love. What she experiences with Olimpi co is nothing compared to what she feels when Madame Carlota tells her about Hans she feels inebriated, experiencing for the first time what other people referred to as passion.She locomote passionately in love with Hans because the fortune teller had told her that he would sympathize with for her. Both Macabea and Olimpico are ruled by the desire to be loved and not by love. And if in this heterosexual relationship (which for Lacan is the norm) the dissymmetry is not entirely complete, what can we say of the homosexuality referred to by the fortune teller, who finds Macabea much too delicate to handle with the brutality of men and tells her, from experience, that love between two women is more affectionate?In fact, Lacan never theorized homosexuality very seriously, although his failure to account for it may be explained by the fact that the Symbolic is structured in favour of heterosexuality. In his theory of the Symbolic, the baby undergoes the reflect stage between 6 and 18 months old. By this time, the baby sees its own image in the mirror and enters the symbolic stage (realm of the imaginary imaginary acknowledgement with the image in the mirror). As Lacan sets out to explain,This event can take place () from the age of cardinal months, and its repetition has often made me reflect upon the startling spectacle of the infant in front of the mirror. Unable as yet to walk () he nevertheless overcomes the obstructions of his support and () brings back an instantaneous aspect of the image. For me, this activity retains the meaning I have given it up to the age of eighteen months. 15 Mirrors play an great government agency in Macabeas life. Looking at her own reflection, she tries to find out who she is.After having used Glorias trick (making up an excuse to skip work), Macabea decides 14 15 Bruce Fink, The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouissance, pp. 115 Jacques Lacan, Ecrits, A Selection, Chapter I The mirror stage as formative of the functi on of the eye as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. , pp. 1, 2 6 to spend her day off in her room, listening to Radio Clock, dancing and sounding at herself in the mirror. The camera shows her reflection and what we see is a split image in the mirror she stands between what she is, what she wants to be and what others want her to be. 6 When she tells the mirror Im a typist, a virgin and I like Coca-cola she complements her identity split with her mirage identity Macabea is staging her identity by identifying with other peoples perceptions of herself. She is not eighteen months old but an eighteen-year-old in the middle of Lacans mirror stage, looking for models (which are the models in shop windows the parental Other is absent), learning new words (at work as a typist, at home listening to the radio), looking at herself in mirrors. It is as if the Symbolic were staging reality too late in the characters life.During a walk at the Zoo, Olimpico accuses Macabea of being a liar Ma cabea It is true. May God strike me dead if Im not telling the truth. May my mother and my father drop dead right now. Olimpico Macabea You said your parents were dead. I forgot As Lacan would put it, we are watching how the Symbolic can bar the real, overwriting and transforming it completely, the reason for this being that the Symbolic is but a pale disguised reflection of the Real the reason for this not being a basic speculation about the designer of being a child without living parents, that is, about the alienation caused by orphanage.This does not mean that Lacan did not reflect on the concept of alienation (check Fink, footnote 28, chapter 7, seminar XVI). In his opinion, that is what places the subject at bottom the Symbolic. In alienation, the speak being is forced to give up something as she/he comes into language. Lacan sees it as an attempt to make sense by trying to act coherently with the image one has about oneself. These attempts surrender the person because m eaning is always ambiguous, polyvalent, betraying something one cute to remain hidden or something one wanted to express. Lacan does not condemn or avoid alienation in his analysis.At a certain point, in Seminar XVI, he establishes a comparison between surplus value (Marxist concept the jouissance of property or money that is the result of the employees labour, the excess product) and surplus jouissance (what we seek in every relationship/activity but never achieve). small-arm capitalism creates a loss aiming at surplus value (the loss of the worker), our advent as speaking beings also creates a loss (the loss of jouissance through castration). In Lacans economy of jouissance, both losses are at the centre of the development of civilisation, culture and market forces.At a certain moment in the film, we 16 In this respect, Lacan explains that the only homogeneus function of consciousness is the imaginary capture of the ego by its mirror reflection and the function of misrecogniti on which remains attached to it. In Ecrits, A Selection (1966) 7 watch Macabea handing over a certain jouissance to the Other she is told by her boss she has to work late. The consequence is that Gloria will meet Olimpico in the park, instead of Macabea. Following Lacans theoretical communion, the scene depicts Macabea being forced to give up something as she comes into language (as she finishes typing the documents).That something is her love object. The scene can be read as a reference to the primordial loss castration by meditating on the importance of the sacrifice of jouissance as it creates a lack17 and because gears life (the Symbolic/the plot) onwards Gloria steals her colleagues boyfriend and eventually gets a husband, following the fortune tellers instructions Macabea loses her boyfriend and ends up at the hands of the fortune teller who guides her towards her death.This analysis focuses on the surplus jouissance and not on the Marxist concept of surplus value, theref ore neglecting important class struggle/capitalist issues. Adopting a Lacanian frame in the analysis of alienation in The Hour of the Star involves losing what a Marxist concept of alienation might otherwise bring into light the change effect society operates on Macabea as an exploited underpaid employee who finds herself working (sometimes after hours) for the employers enjoyment.The film, on the contrary, is preferably clear in its portrait of an alienated subject working for less than the minimum wage in a decadent, poor-lit warehouse. A dialogue between Seu Raimundo and Seu Pereira suggests the capitalists attitude towards the proletarian Macabea Raimundo Pereira Raimundo () Pereira Raimundo Besides, she is really ugly. Like a dried-up pomegranate. Where did you get her? Ok, shes a bit clumsy. But a brilliant typist would want more money. Its the new typist, Macabea. Maca what? -beia. Maca-bea. No one else was willing to do the job for less than the minimum wage.Adding to the notion of the film as a metaphor of the unconscious are mirrors and their fragmented reflections, Radio Clock and its fragmented, dispersed bits of information and the gaze of the camera as the audience accedes to Macabeas world through furtive gazings behind windows, doors, in the street. This gaze could be interpreted as belonging to Macabeas wicked aunt who has died but calm haunts her conscience. Macabeas paradoxical fantasy, her dream to become a film star, is also hooked up to the move of the unconscious as the end term of her desire.Lacan explains that the unconscious, ruled as a language, is overpopulated with other peoples desires that flow into us via discourse. 18 So, our very fantasies can be foreign to us, they can be alienating. Macabeas fantasy to become a film star could Without lack, the subject can never come into being, and the whole efflorescence of the dialectic of desire is squashed. In Bruce Fink, The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouissance, pp. 1 03 17 8 be read as a way of answering other peoples desire that she takes care of herself, eats better, dresses better, and works better.Interpreting Macabeas dream as a response to her own desire (she wants to be loved film stars are loved therefore, she wants to be a film star) implies walking away from Lacanian theory. The subject is here very much implicated in the process. Others dont seem to have had a hand in it. Olimpico laughs and humiliates her when she tells him about her dream and doesnt encourage her to pursue it Olimpico What makes you think that youve got the face or the body to become a film star? () Take a good look at yourself in the mirror.Lacans approach to the unconscious considerably reduces the sources from which one can carve out knowledge in relation to this film. Macabeas ethnicity calls forth the analysts knowledge of Brazils North-Eastern structural roots of poverty (drought plagued agriculture, slums, human rights abuse in terms of health and education, the plight of street children, womens issues in terms of class, race and land tenure). An informed reading of The Hour of the Star raises the question of marginality within the frameworks of location, gender, race, individual/social conscience, language and testimony.In the context of this film, the concept of marginality has to be addressed in the plural. There are different definitions of margin at stake, as well as different layers of marginal behaviours, each of them empowering the social/individual transgressions suggested by Macabeas lack of attitude towards existence. The characters in this story are aware of their condition as outsiders. They are seen through their relation to Macabea her apathy and emptiness are exquisitely painful in that they remind others of the collective pain felt in a dehumanised world.In the pyramid of the excluded, Macabea is victimised as a female and as a North easterner in search of her inner self. Her volunteer attempt, although grotesque and i narticulate, to question and witness her blunt existence stands as the last stance of her marginality. It is the hour of the tragic question Who am I? , echoing the major preoccupation of every mortal. Unlike the other characters, she fails in every sphere of her life but not in asking this question.She is aware of her inner otherness, although futile to verbalise or make sense of it. She witnesses it, tries to speak it, but never tells it, because what needs to be told is double-dyed(a) silence narrated from within. The title of the present study resonates with the limits of a psychoanalytic reading of The Hour of the Star. A sense of Loss and The right to protest are two of the fourteen titles19 advanced by 18 Lacan suggests that it is in the reduplication of the subject of speech that the unconscious finds the means to articulate itself. , J.Lacan, Ecrits A Selection, A la memoire dErnest Jones sur la theorie du symbolisme 19 List of titles found at the beginning of HE The Blam e is mine or The Hour of the Star or Let Her Fend for Herself or The Right to Protest or . As for the Future or Singing the Blues or She Doesnt Know How to Protest or A Sense of Loss 9 Clarice Lispector in her book A Hora da Estrela. They were chosen by me for two reasons. The first implies that analysing the film by giving the book behind it the cold shoulder would relegate the analysis. Another is the belief that choosing only one title would dramatically reduce the scope of this work of art.Macabea cannot fountain looking at mirrors and gazing at a sense of loss that dazzles her in her opaque leading-nowhere-abstractions. But she is herself a mirror reflecting the social inequities of the Brazilian society in she lived. Taking a step further, we could add yet another title I can do nothing, number eleven in Lispectors title list. This one would eclipse the Others discourse, unconscious and unintentional, and give way to the informed discourse of a conscious audience viewing wri ting as a representative mirror of reality.Having said all this, one can only afford A discreet exit by the back door20 once a final, irrevocable question is posed. Is it still possible, having pointed out the missing dimensions of analysis and the resistances to a Lacanian approach of The Hour of the Star, to make sense of Lacans theoretical framework? On the one hand, answering with a no would seem fatally solipsistic in what the existing quantities of written work on psychoanalysis are concerned, as Lacans work lies at the epicentre of contemporary discourses about otherness, subjectivity, sexual difference, to name just a few topics.Answering with a yes, on the other hand, would plainly simplify subject matters that are, as this work intends to show, very complex. Perhaps the question, in the fashion of all interesting questions, offers no answer insofar as a balanced account of the possibilities, limitations, meanings and implications of Lacans theory is not thoroughly consider ed. or Whistling in the Dark Wind or I Can Do Nothing or A Record of Preceding Events or A Tearful Tale or A apprehensive Exit by the Back Door. 20 Final title in Clarice Lispectors list of titles. 10 Primary Bibliography Lacan, J. Ecrits (Paris Editions du Seuil, 1966) _______, Ecrits A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1977) _______, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan. Book II. The Ego in Freuds Theory and in the Technique of depth psychology, trans. Sylvana Tomaselli (New York/London Norton & Co. , 1991) _______, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII, trans. Denis Porter (London/New York Norton & Co. , 1992) Lispector, C. , A Hora da Estrela, (Rio de Janeiro Jose Olympio, 1977) __________, The Hour of the Star, trans. Giovanni Pontiero (Manchester Carcanet, 1992) Freud, S. New previous Lectures on Psychoanalysis, ed. /trans. J. Strachey (London Penguin Books, 1991 The Hour of the Star, Dir. Susana Amaral, Raiz Produ coes Cinematograficas, 1985 Secondary bibliography Barry, P. , Beginning Theory An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Manchester Manchester University Press, 2002) Benvenuto B. & Kennedy, R. , The full treatment of Jacques Lacan An Introduction (London Free Association Books, 1986) Cixous, H. , The Hour of The Star How Does One Desire Wealth or mendicancy? , Reading With Clarice Lispector, ed. and trans.Verena Andermatt Conley (Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 143-163 Daidone, L. C. & Clifford, J. , Clarisse Lispector Anticipating the Postmodern, Multicultural Literatures through Feminist/Poststructuralist Lenses, ed. Barbara Frey Waxman (Knoxville The University of Tennessee Press, 1993), 190-201 Fink, B. , The Lacanian Subject Between Language and Jouisssance (Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press, 1995) Fitz, E. , shew of View in Clarice Lispectors A Hora Da Estrela, Luso-Brazilian go off, 19. 2 (1982), 195-208 Lapsley, R. Westlake, M. , Film Theory An Introduction (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1988) _________, From Cassablanca to charming Woman The politics of Romance, Screen, 33. 1 (1992), 27-49 Lemaire, A. , Jacques Lacan, trans. D. Macey (London, Henley & Boston Routledge, 1977) Klobucka, A. , Helene Cixous and the Hour of Clarice Lispector, SubStance, 73 (1994), 41-62 Mitchell, J. & Rose, J. (eds), Feminine Sexuality Jacques Lacan and the Ecole freudienne (Houndsmill Macmillan, 1992) Mitchell, J. , Psychoanalysis and Feminism (London Penguin, 1990) Mulvey, L. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, The Sexual Subject A Screen commentator in Sexuality (London & New York Routledge, 1998), 22-34 Nelmes, J. (ed. ), An Introduction to Film Studies, 2nd edn (London Routledge, 1990) Patai, D. , Aspiring to the Absolute, Womens Review of Books, 4 (1987), 30-31 Smith, J. & Kerrigan, W. (eds. ), Interpreting Lacan (New Haven & London Yale University Press, 1983) Storey, J. , Cultural Teory and Popular Culture An I ntroduction, 3rd edn (Dorchester Dorset Press, 2001) Whatling, C. , Screen Dreams Fantasising Lesbians in Film (Manchester & New York Manchester University Press, 1997) 11

Global Communications Worksheet Essay

Transcribe the following take message for the employees from each countryI penuryed to gratifying you ASAP to our little family hither in the States. Its high time we shook detention in soul and not just across the sea. Im pleased as punch more than or less(prenominal) getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America.Complete the table below with your transcribed welcome messages. Also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused.CountryTranscribe Welcome MessageBrazilWe wanted to welcome you to our family here in the States and thought it high time we shook hands in person and I am excited to get to know all of you and will do my best to sell you on America.Brazils culture is generally group-oriented and asserting individual preferences may be viewed as less burning(prenominal) than conforming to a groups norms. Building lasting and trusting personal relationships is therefore critically important with Brazilians who generally wish to close any deals with someone with whom they have a strong bond. RussiaI want to welcome you as quickly as possible to our little family here in the States. I mobilize it is high time we met in person and not continue business across the sea. I expect forward to getting to know all of you, and I will do my best to sell you on America.Those within the Russian culture have long been dominated by like the tsars and the Communist ships company leaders. Because of this, many Russians do not have individual freedom and maintain a collectivist enured of values. IndiaI wanted to welcome you to our family here in the States and thought it was the right time to shake hands in person rather than do business across the sea. I look forward to getting to know you, and allowing you the opportunity to know us as well, and will do my best at change you on America.Indian society is that of the collectivism view and it promotes social cohesion as well as inter dependence.ChinaI wanted to take a moment and welcome you as part of our family here in the States. I think the time for us to meet and shake hands in person has been long overdue. I look forward to getting to know one another and will do my best at selling you on America.In China, there is a collectivist approach in where the upholding of a stable and in-sync harmonious society is is seen to be the most important part of ethics.

Beauty: the Evolution of Perception

Vennette Gonzalez Mr. Warner English 111 (032W) 19 November 2012 lulu The evolution of perception When looking in the past to see how people lived and supposeed the world, there is one commonality that stands out. A womans dishful says a lot on how the culture and the people of that society beholdd themselves and others. These past perceptions mint how latest society and culture is perceived not only by the individuals of our generation unless by our approaching generations as well.This paper will address how we as society view looker as it has changed oer a period of time, how these changes came closely, and how the media played a role in this beauty evolution. How this beauty evolution begins starts in childhood. One of the first memories that children have is the reading of puff tales. These stories set a foundation as to what we perceive as beauty. Childrens media has been found to be forefingerfully responsive to social change and not plainly in a way that mirrors so ciety (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 714). With this untimely exposure to what is rendered as beauty, it is established early in the developmental years of childhood of how a woman should look as well as act. Childrens fairy tales backside provide insight into the dynamic relationship among gender, index finger, and culture as well as the cultural and social signification of beauty to womens lives (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 712). The cultural and social significance can be seen as missys and boys be taught specific messages concerning the importance of womens bodies and womens attractiveness (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 724). These fairy tales were created to accommodate the cultural value and conflicts of the era, and establish the values of what our society deems as appropriate and what is acceptable for our novel children to grow into as well as establishing a baseline for beauty.As our children grow, they carry these values and ideals with them. These fairy tales salu te women as meek and powerless, who are damsels in distress in need of a knight in shining armor. With maturity some of these values and ideals change however, Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz state that The feminine beauty ideal is the socially constructed notion that physical attractiveness is one of womans most important assets, and something all women should endeavour to achieve and maintain (711). This belief is still prevalent in todays society. This does not recollect that there is a direct relationship between cultural values concerning feminine beauty and womens behavior and identities, but the feminine beauty ideal may operate indirectly as a means of social tally insofar as womens concern with physical appearance (beauty), absorbs resources (money, energy, time) that could other be spent enhancing their social status (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 723). The impacts of this ideal feminine beauty not only affect our children, but it also affects how they perceive themselves a nd how the future generations will perceive us. The feminine beauty ideal can be seen as a normative means of social control, where by social control is finish through the internalization of values and norms that serve to restrict womens lives (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 712). This ultimately means that girls who are expose to these fairy tales develop a belief that there are certain expectations that need to be upheld and if these expectations are not met then they will lack the power to succeed. Workers of above average beauty earn about 10 to 15 percent more than workers of be beginning average beauty. The size of this beauty premium is economically significant and comparable to the race and gender gaps in the U. S. labor market (Mobius and Rosenblat 222). According to Naomi Wolf much women have more power and scope and legal recognition that we have ever had before but in terms of how we feel about ourselves physically, we may actually be worse off (Wolf 16) She also goes on to state There is no legitimate historical or biological justification for the beauty myth what it is doing to women today is a result of nothing more exalted than the need of todays power structure, economy and culture to mount a counteroffensive against women (Wolf 19). Due to this, beauty is forthwith linked with power in the sense that the more beautiful you are the more powerful you are.This idea that beauty is power became more noticeable during the womans movement according to Wolf (19). She states that By the time the womens movement had made inroads into the labor market, both women and men were accustomed to having beauty evaluated as wealth (Wolf 26). This inflow of women in the work force changed how young girls related to the fairy tales they once read. They no longer had to portray the roles of the damsel in distress, but had to use their beauty to gain power and attention.This evolution from the damsel has conduct to a more independent woman who uses her beauty to get what she needs. Before women entered the work force in large numbers, there was a clearly defined class of those explicitly paid for their beauty workers in the display professions-fashion mannequins, actress, dancers, and higher paid sex workers such as escorts. Until womens emancipation, professional beauties were usually anonymous, low in status, un-respectable (Wolf 33). Now our young girls want to look like all the actresses, musicians, models etc that they see on TV, movies and in magazines.I think these changes occurred once the fairy tales were no longer in written media, where we used what was written carry out and our imagination to create our ideal of beauty. Once these fairytales became a visual (movies, TV. and magazines) our young girls wanted to copy what they saw. In 1969 Vogue offered a new look for womens magazines (Wolf 73). Vogue began to focus on the body as much as the clothes, in part because there was little they could dictate with the anarchic style s (Wolf 73). The number of fodder related articles rose 70 percent from 1968 to 1972.Articles on dieting in the popular press soared from 60 in the year 1979 to 66 in the month of January 1980 alone. By 1984, 300 diet books were on the shelves (Wolf 73-74). The clock of this influx of dieting articles is due to the popularity of a model named Lesley Lawson otherwise known as Twiggy. She hit the top of the inning of her career in 1966 where she was on the cover of Vogue magazine. She was the ideal beauty of that era where being boyishly thin was in. Whereas a decade before having womanly curves was the idea of what beauty was for example the pin-up girl Betty Grable.She was what was considered the ideal of that era. The images of both of these women show the significance of how models, actress and movie stars affect the women and youth of our society. Both of these women were portrayed in womens magazines or movies. A woman reading Glamor is holding women-oriented mass culture b etween her two hands (Wolf 76). With the mass media evolving and able to mass produce the media quicker than ever, the new ideals of what our young women view as beauty changes at an even more rapid pace. With the introduction of the internet mass media is now instant, and on demand. Glamour, beauty and the perfect body these are the values upheld within our culture as necessary to the fulfillment of desirable femininity (Wark 41). With this beauty evolution consistently changing it also reflects the changes in the values that we as a society hold. The mass media will always be an integral part of our mantrap evolution as it reflects societys values. Works Cited Baker-Sperry, Lori, and Liz Grauerholz. The Pervasiveness and Persistance of the Feminine watcher Ideal in Childrens Fairy Tales. Gender and Society 17. 5 (Oct 2003) 711-726. http//www. jstor. org/stable/3594706. Web. 19 November 2012. Fox, Greer Litton. Nice Girl Social control of women through a value construct. Sig ns Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2 (1977) 805-817. Print. Mobius, Markus M. , and Tanya S. Rosenblat. Why Beauty Matters. American Economic Review 96. 1 (2006) 222-235. http//www. jstor. org/stable/30034362. Web. 19 November 2012. Wark, Jayne. Wendy Gellers 48 hour Beauty Blitz Gender, Class and the Pleasures of popular Culture. Art Journal 56. 4 (1997) 41-47. http//www. jstor. org/stable/777719. Web. 19 November 2012. Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty legend How images of Beauty are used against Women. New York HarperCollins, 2002. PDF File.